Türkiye’de tehlikeli atık yönetimi ve Sivas örneği
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2017
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu çalışmada, Atık Yönetimi Yönetmeliği'nde yer alan atıkların sınıflandırmasını temel alarak, Ülkemizde ve Sivas İlinde 2010-2014 yılları arasında oluşan tehlikeli atıkların türleri, miktarları ve geri kazanım/bertaraf yöntemleri belirlenmiştir. İllerde oluşan atıkların yıllara göre oluşumları ve 2014 yılında tüm illerde atık beyanı yapılan atık miktarları, en çok atık ve en az atık oluşturan iller belirlenmiştir. 2010-2014 yılları arasında oluşan ve bildirimi yapılan tehlikeli atıkların bertaraf/geri kazanım dağılım tablosu ve 2014 yılı atık beyanlarına göre Türkiye genelinde tehlikeli atık dağılımı haritası oluşturulmuştur. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığınca oluşturulan atık beyan sisteminden alınan veriler doğrultusunda, Atık Yönetimi Yönetmeliği Ek-IV listesinde yer alan her bir atık sektörü için 2014 yılında oluşan atık miktarları belirlenmiştir. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, ÇED İzin ve Denetim Genel Müdürlüğü, Veri Değerlendirme Şube Müdürlüğünden alınan veriler ile 2010-2014 yılları arasında tüm illerde oluşan ve atık beyan sisteminde beyanları yapılan tehlikeli atık ve özel işleme tabi atıklardan olan bitkisel atık yağlar, atık motor ve endüstriyel yağları, atık pil ve akümülatörler, tıbbi atıklar, tehlikeli atıklarla kontamine olmuş ambalajlar, elektronik atıklar ve ömrünü tamamlamış lastiklerin miktarları belirlenmiştir. Lisanslı geri kazanım/ bertaraf tesislerinden alınan veriler Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı Atık Daire Başkanlığından temin edilmiş ve alınan veriler doğrultusunda illerimizde toplanan, bertaraf edilen veya geri kazanılan atık miktarları belirlenmiştir. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığının http://izinlisans.cevre.gov.tr/ web adresinden Ülkemizdeki lisanslı tehlikeli atık geri kazanım ve bertaraf tesisleri sayısı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca belirtilen web adresinden alınan bilgiler doğrultusunda tehlikeli ve özel işleme tabi bazı atıkların bertaraf ve geri kazanım tesis sayıları verilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda 2014 yılında Türkiye genelinde 1.413.224 ton tehlikeli atığın oluştuğu, oluşan atıkların %72' sinin geri kazanıldığı, %15'inin bertaraf edildiği, %8 ine tesis içinde işlem yapıldığı, %4' ünün stokta bekletildiği, %1'inin de ihraç edildiği, çok sayıda sanayi faaliyeti bulunan Marmara ve Ege Bölgelerindeki illerde yüksek miktarda tehlikeli atık oluştuğu, Bayburt, Tunceli ve Ardahan illerinde de en az atık oluştuğu görülmüştür. Sivas ilinde oluşan ve beyanı yapılan atıkların 2010-2014 yılları arası atık miktarları dağılımı belirlenmiş, atık beyanı yapılan atık miktarları ile geri kazanımı/bertarafı gerçekleştirilmiş atık miktarları kıyaslaması yapılmıştır. Sivas İlinde faaliyet gösteren lisanslı geri kazanım/ bertaraf tesisleri tablo halinde gösterilmiştir. Sivas ilinde 2014 yılında 1.981 ton tehlikeli atık oluştuğu, oluşan atıkların %57' sinin geri kazanıldığı, %40' ının bertarafının yapıldığı, geri kalan %3 lük kısmının ise tesis içinde değerlendirildiği, stokta bekletildiği ve ihraç edildiği görülmüştür. Atıkların çevresel etkileri konusunda bilincin artması ve ilgili yönetmeliklerin uygulanması ile birlikte atıkların gelişi güzel bertarafı yerine geri kazanıldığı ya da mevzuata uygun şekilde çevre kirliliği oluşturmayacak şekilde bertaraf edildiği görülmüştür. Ancak atık beyan sistemine yapılan atık beyanlarının, lisanslı geri kazanım\bertaraf tesislerinden temin edilen atık geri kazanımı\beratarfı yapılan atık miktarları oranından düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Bu doğrultuda atık üreticilerinin konu hakkında bilgilendirilerek (özellikle küçük işletmelerin) atık bildirimlerinin sistem üzerinden yapılmasının sağlanması ile toplanan bu bilgiler ışında ülke genelinde atıklarla ilgili daha sağlıklı stratejiler geliştirilebilir.
In this study, hazardous waste materials that generated between 2010-2014 in Turkey and in Sivas province are detemined. In addition, the types, quantities and recovery / disposal methods of the waste materials are determined based on the waste classification in Waste Management Regulation In each province, yearly variation of the amount of generated waste is investigated and the provinces that report the higher and the lower amount of waste are highlighted. Hazardous waste distribution map is develop for whole country according to the disposal / recovery distribution and reported amount of waste between 2010 and 2014. For each waste sector listed in Annex-IV of the Waste Management Regulation, the amount of wastes generated in 2014 has been determined by using the data received from the waste declaration system established by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. The database of the declared hazardous wastes between 2010 and 2014 through the waste declaration system are obtained from the related departments of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, namely the Department of EIA Permits and Inspection and Department of Data Evaluation. The database included the amount of the waste oil, waste engine and industrial oils, waste batteries, accumulators, medical waste; containers contaminated with hazardous wastes, electronic waste, and used tires. Similarly, the data about the collected, disposed and recycled waste by the licensed recovery/disposel facilities is acquired from the Department of Waste Management of the Ministry. Moreover, the number of such facilities is determined through the web page http://izinlisans.cevre.gov.tr/, before acquiring the detailed data on the classification of the facilities and the types of the recycled waste. The facilities that specializes on the hazardous waste is also investigated within the web page. The result of the study showed that, in the year of 2014 alone, 1.413.224 tons of hazardous waste was generated in Turkey, of which 72% of the total amount of waste was recovered, 15% was disposed , 8% was processed in a facility, 4% was stored at a depot, 1% was exported respectively. As another finding, high amount of waste is stockpiled or awaiting to be processed in Marmara and Aegean regions where there is very high industrial activity, whereas in Bayburt, Tunceli and Ardahan where there is almost no considerable industrial activity, the reported amount of waste is not significant. As a crucial part of the study, the distribution and classification of the reported waste in Sivas was determined for the period between 2010 and 2014. The amount of reported waste is compared with the amount recovered/disposed waste. Indeed, only in 2014 alone, in Sivas, the reported amount of waste summons to 1981 tons and 57% of the waste is recycled, 40% of which was disposed and 3% was either reused, stockpiled or exported. In the end, the detailed information on the licensed recovery / disposal facilities operating in Sivas is also provided. One of the most significant outcomes of this investigation is that, together with the ever increasing in the awareness of the environmental impact of the waste, instead of uncontrolled stockpiling or wild disposing methods, waste is either recycled or disposed according to the regulations which assures the prevention of environmental pollution. However, it is realized that, unrealistically the total amount of the waste reported to the waste management system is lesser than the recycled waste reported from the licensed waste disposal facilities. Upon investigations, it is found out that some of the enterprises are not reporting the produced waste at all. Hence, it can be said that, through the informing of these enterprises about the subject (especially small enterprises) a healthier and more precise database can be formed. Consequently, more sound and reliable strategy can be developed for the country's waste management system.
In this study, hazardous waste materials that generated between 2010-2014 in Turkey and in Sivas province are detemined. In addition, the types, quantities and recovery / disposal methods of the waste materials are determined based on the waste classification in Waste Management Regulation In each province, yearly variation of the amount of generated waste is investigated and the provinces that report the higher and the lower amount of waste are highlighted. Hazardous waste distribution map is develop for whole country according to the disposal / recovery distribution and reported amount of waste between 2010 and 2014. For each waste sector listed in Annex-IV of the Waste Management Regulation, the amount of wastes generated in 2014 has been determined by using the data received from the waste declaration system established by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. The database of the declared hazardous wastes between 2010 and 2014 through the waste declaration system are obtained from the related departments of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, namely the Department of EIA Permits and Inspection and Department of Data Evaluation. The database included the amount of the waste oil, waste engine and industrial oils, waste batteries, accumulators, medical waste; containers contaminated with hazardous wastes, electronic waste, and used tires. Similarly, the data about the collected, disposed and recycled waste by the licensed recovery/disposel facilities is acquired from the Department of Waste Management of the Ministry. Moreover, the number of such facilities is determined through the web page http://izinlisans.cevre.gov.tr/, before acquiring the detailed data on the classification of the facilities and the types of the recycled waste. The facilities that specializes on the hazardous waste is also investigated within the web page. The result of the study showed that, in the year of 2014 alone, 1.413.224 tons of hazardous waste was generated in Turkey, of which 72% of the total amount of waste was recovered, 15% was disposed , 8% was processed in a facility, 4% was stored at a depot, 1% was exported respectively. As another finding, high amount of waste is stockpiled or awaiting to be processed in Marmara and Aegean regions where there is very high industrial activity, whereas in Bayburt, Tunceli and Ardahan where there is almost no considerable industrial activity, the reported amount of waste is not significant. As a crucial part of the study, the distribution and classification of the reported waste in Sivas was determined for the period between 2010 and 2014. The amount of reported waste is compared with the amount recovered/disposed waste. Indeed, only in 2014 alone, in Sivas, the reported amount of waste summons to 1981 tons and 57% of the waste is recycled, 40% of which was disposed and 3% was either reused, stockpiled or exported. In the end, the detailed information on the licensed recovery / disposal facilities operating in Sivas is also provided. One of the most significant outcomes of this investigation is that, together with the ever increasing in the awareness of the environmental impact of the waste, instead of uncontrolled stockpiling or wild disposing methods, waste is either recycled or disposed according to the regulations which assures the prevention of environmental pollution. However, it is realized that, unrealistically the total amount of the waste reported to the waste management system is lesser than the recycled waste reported from the licensed waste disposal facilities. Upon investigations, it is found out that some of the enterprises are not reporting the produced waste at all. Hence, it can be said that, through the informing of these enterprises about the subject (especially small enterprises) a healthier and more precise database can be formed. Consequently, more sound and reliable strategy can be developed for the country's waste management system.
Açıklama
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
