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    Development of Potent Type V MAPK Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Benzothiazole Derivatives Targeting p38α MAPK in Breast Cancer Cells
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2025) Zoatier, Bayan; Yildiztekin, K. Gizem; Alagoz, M. Abdullah; Hepokur, Ceylan; Burmaoglu, Serdar; Algul, Oztekin
    Type V MAPK inhibitors are distinguished by their capacity to target both the ATP binding site and a specific allosteric site on the enzyme. The present work utilized in silico analysis with Maestro 13.8.135 (Schrodinger) software in conjunction with experimental investigations to enhance the antiproliferative efficacy and forecast the likely mechanism of action of benzothiazole derivatives. Approximately 28 compounds were developed, produced, and assessed for their antiproliferative properties against two breast cancer cell lines: ER+ (MCF7) and ER- (MDA-MB-231), in addition to one normal mouse fibroblast cell line (L929). Their antiproliferative activities were evaluated via the MTT test, with doxorubicin and cisplatin serving as reference drugs for comparison. Consequently, the compounds with the greatest activity against the MCF7 cell line were chosen, and their inhibitory effects on the p38 alpha MAPK enzyme were examined. The molecular docking studies of compounds 15 and 19 demonstrated significant binding affinities for p38 alpha MAPK. Molecular dynamics simulations conducted over 100 ns revealed that compounds 15 and 19 exhibit stability inside both the ATP-binding domain and the lipid domain of p38 alpha MAPK. The research focused on creating effective Type V MAPK inhibitors demonstrate that compounds 15 and 19 possess considerable ability to inhibit p38 alpha MAPK, hence establishing them as promising anticancer agents.
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    From Deep Learning to the Discovery of Promising VEGFR-2 Inhibitors
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Yucel, Mehmet Ali; Adal, Ercan; Aktekin, Mine Buga; Hepokur, Ceylan; Gambacorta, Nicola; Nicolotti, Orazio; Algul, Oztekin
    Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) stands as a prominent therapeutic target in oncology, playing a critical role in angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. FDA-approved VEGFR-2 inhibitors are associated with diverse side effects. Thus, finding novel and more effective inhibitors is of utmost importance. In this study, a deep learning (DL) classification model was first developed and then employed to select putative active VEGFR-2 inhibitors from an in-house chemical library including 187 druglike compounds. A pool of 18 promising candidates was shortlisted and screened against VEGFR-2 by using molecular docking. Finally, two compounds, RHE-334 and EA-11, were prioritized as promising VEGFR-2 inhibitors by employing PLATO, our target fishing and bioactivity prediction platform. Based on this rationale, we prepared RHE-334 and EA-11 and successfully tested their anti-proliferative potential against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with IC50 values of 26.78 +/- 4.02 and 38.73 +/- 3.84 mu M, respectively. Their toxicities were instead challenged against the WI-38. Interestingly, expression studies indicated that, in the presence of RHE-334, VEGFR-2 was equal to 0.52 +/- 0.03, thus comparable to imatinib equal to 0.63 +/- 0.03. In conclusion, this workflow based on theoretical and experimental approaches demonstrates effective in identifying VEGFR-2 inhibitors and can be easily adapted to other medicinal chemistry goals. Cancer research aims for safer VEGFR-2 inhibitors. Using deep learning, we identified two promising candidates, RHE-334 and EA-11, prioritized through molecular docking and PLATO platform. In MCF-7 cells, RHE-334 showed significant anti-proliferative potential, comparable to imatinib. This study offers a novel approach for VEGFR-2 inhibition, demonstrating its adaptability to other medicinal chemistry pursuits. image
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    Hydrazide-Bridged Pyridazines for Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Characterizations, In Silico, and In Vitro Evaluation
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Gursoy, Sule; Onel, Gulce Taskor; Turkmenoglu, Burcin; Merde, Irem Bozbey; Dilek, Esra; Hepokur, Ceylan; Algul, Oztekin
    In this study, we investigate the inhibitory potential of a series of hydrazide derivatives bearing different substituents with the pyridazine structure (5 a-i and 6 a-f) against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) using a modified Ellman's method. The inhibitory profiles of the synthesized compounds were assessed by comparing their IC50 and Ki values. Our results demonstrate that all the compounds exhibit significant inhibitory activity against both AChE and BChE when compared to the reference compound, tacrine. Particularly, compound 6 a exhibited the highest activity against Electrophorus electricus AChE (EeAChE) with a Ki value of 3.26 nM, while compound 5 a displayed the most potent inhibition against equine BChE (eqBChE) with a Ki value of 0.94 nM. The compounds did not possess significant cytotoxicity action using the MTT assay on the cancer cell lines. The DPPH assays revealed that all the compounds have moderate antioxidant activities. Furthermore, molecular docking studies provided valuable insights into the interaction mechanisms of these compounds within the active sites of AChE and BChE crystal structures (PDB ID: 4EY7 and 4BDS, respectively). The above results indicated that the pyridazine-based compounds were a promising functional agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This study reveals the potential of hydrazide derivatives, each with distinct substituents on the pyridazine structure, as potent enzyme inhibitors (AChE and BChE) with antioxidant properties. The provided structural insights, inhibitory profiles, and molecular docking results emphasize their therapeutic potential for neurological disorders. These findings lay the groundwork for subsequent exploration and drug development within the domain of pyridazine compounds. image
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    New Fluoro- and Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Trimethoxychalcones as Anticancer Agents: Synthesis, Bio-evaluation, and Computational Studies
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Polat, M. Fatih; Anil, Derya Aktas; Ozkemahli, Gizem; Turkmenoglu, Burcin; Hepokur, Ceylan; Burmaoglu, Serdar; Algul, Oztekin
    We designed and synthesized a novel series of trimethoxy chalcones with CF3 or F substituents at various positions of ring B, characterized using IR, NMR spectral data, and elemental analyses, based on the fact that methoxy and fluoro-substituted chalcones are included in the literature as a pharmacophore due to their anticancer activities. All compounds (12-21) were tested for cytotoxicity against A549, HEPG2, MCF7, and normal mouse fibroblasts (L929) using the XTT assay. The most active compound, 13, was also shown to induce MCF7 cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, indicating that they exert their antitumor potency via MCF7 cell apoptosis. The mechanisms involved in apoptotic cell death induced by compound 13 were also investigated to see if apoptotic proteins such as Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 were involved. In addition, the compounds with the strongest apoptotic effects against human EGFR and VEGFR-2 receptors were studied in silico. Finally, methoxy and fluoro-substituted chalcones derivatives have been shown to have potent anticancer properties.
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    Novel oxalamide derivatives for COXs expression and breast cancer: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking studies
    (Acg Publications, 2023) Kuzu, Burak; Hepokur, Ceylan; Algul, Oztekin
    In the present study, new oxalamide-based compounds were designed from thalidomide and synthesized easily and with high yields (from 69% up to 93%) by a two-step method. The antiproliferative effects of synthesized 6a-d and 7a-d compounds on (ER+) MCF-7 and (ER-) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line and human fibroblast WI-38 healthy cell line were investigated by the MTT method. The results showed that compound 7d was the most potent candidate against both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with IC50 = 4.72 & mu;M and 6.37 & mu;M, respectively. To investigate whether antiproliferative effect of the compounds on breast cancer cell lines is dependent on COXs, expressions of COX-1/2 on the MCF-7 cell line were investigated by the Western-Blot technique. Among synthesized compounds, compound 7d increased the expression of both COX-1 and COX-2. The inhibition potential of compounds on COX-1/2 enzymes was investigated by molecular docking compared to inhibitor co-ligand celecoxib in crystal structures of COX-1 (PDB ID: 3KK6) and COX-2 (PDB ID: 3LN1). Docking results indeed showed that compound 7d had a higher binding affinity for both COX-1 and COX-2 active sites. Consequently, the novel oxalamide-based compounds presented here may be important candidate molecules for the development of new COX-dependent antiproliferative agents.& COPY;2023 ACG Publication. All right reserved.
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    Pyrrole-Tethered Bisbenzoxazole Derivatives: Apoptosis-Inducing Agents Targeting Breast Cancer Cells
    (Wiley, 2025) Kuzu, Burak; Yetkin, Derya; Hepokur, Ceylan; Algul, Oztekin
    This study presents the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of novel pyrrole-tethered bisbenzoxazole (PTB) derivatives as potential apoptosis-inducing agents targeting the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. The anticancer activity of these compounds was evaluated in vitro using the MTT assay, with tamoxifen serving as the reference therapeutic agent. Compounds B8, B14, and B18 demonstrated remarkable cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells, exhibiting approximately 8-fold lower IC50 values compared to tamoxifen, while showing minimal effects on healthy fibroblasts. Further investigations revealed that these compounds effectively induced early-stage apoptosis and selectively arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase in cancer cells. Gene expression analysis confirmed selective activation of the caspase-9-mediated apoptotic pathway in MCF-7 cells, providing insights into their underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings highlight the promising potential of PTB derivatives as potent anticancer agents, laying the groundwork for the development of targeted therapies for breast cancer that leverage apoptosis induction for improved therapeutic outcomes.
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    Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and In Silico Studies of Some 2-Substituted Benzoxazole Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents to Breast Cancer
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2022) Kuzu, Burak; Hepokur, Ceylan; Alagoz, Mehmet Abdullah; Burmaoglu, Serdar; Algul, Oztekin
    In an attempt to develop potent and selective anticancer agents, some 5- or 6- and N-substituted benzoxazol-2-carboxamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their cyclooxygenase inhibitory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Among them 5-OMe, N-piperidine substituted (compound 30), 5-OMe, N-4-methylpiperidine substituted (compound 31) and 5-Cl, N-piperidine substituted (compound 34) benzoxazole 2-carboxamide compounds have a moderate inhibitory effect in COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Anti-proliferative studies show that compound 30 (IC50=5.35 mu M) and compound 31 (IC50=5.82 mu M) have similar activity to reference drug 5-FU (IC50=3.95 mu M) on MCF-7 cell but they have lower toxic effect for healthy WI-38 cell line. For the MCF-7 cell line, compounds 30 and 31 show approximately 1.5 times higher selectivity compared to the 5-FU control. Among the synthesized compounds 30, 31, and 34 had the best anti-proliferative effect and were used to perform flow cytometry and cell cycle analysis on MCF-7 cell line. To predict the binding modes and pharmacokinetic parameters of all compounds, in silico studies were carried out. These compounds may shed light on cancer treatment and cancer research.