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    Vitamin B12-loaded chitosan-based nanoparticle-embedded polymeric nanofibers for sublingual and transdermal applications: Two alternative application routes for vitamin B12
    (Elsevier, 2024) Guler, Ece; Yekeler, Humeyra Betul; Parviz, Gita; Aydin, Saliha; Asghar, Asima; Dogan, Murat; Ikram, Fakhera
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegeneration type that is biologically recognizable via beta-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibril tangles. Global estimation for the total count of individuals enduring AD will rise up to 131 million by 2050. Investigations suggested the existence of a direct proportion between the likelihood of AD occurrence and vitamin B12 (VB12) hypovitaminosis. Approved VB12 administrations, intramuscular and oral, each has serious defects broaching the demand for alternative routes. This work developed VB12-loaded chitosan/tripolyphosphate/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/TPP/PVA) nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinylpyrrolidone/polycaprolactone (PVP/PCL) nanofibrous (NFs) produced by pressurized gyration (PG) for sublingual and transdermal routes, respectively. Biomaterials were investigated morphologically, chemically, and thermally. Moreover, degradation, disintegration, release behavior, and release kinetics were analyzed. The effectiveness and safety of nanomaterials were assessed and proven with the alamarBlue test on the A beta 1-42-induced SH-SY5Y model. The final evaluation suggested the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of produced systems. Consequently, two alternative VB12 application routes were developed with high effectivity and low toxicity with the power of nanotechnology.