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Öğe Comparison of different drying methods for phytochemical quality of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.)(Horticulture and Forestry Society from Transylvania, 2023) Özyiğit, Yaşar; Uçar, Esra; Eruygur, Nuraniye; Ataş, Mehmet; İnanir, Merve; Bal, Halil; Kahrizi, DanialThis study examined the effects of different drying methods on the chemical content, antioxidant, antibacterial, enzymatic and anticancer activity values of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.) extract. Stevia leaves were dried using four different methods (in the sun, shade, air conditioner, and oven), and extracts were collected and analyzed. Based on extract content, 2-tetradecyl acrylate was the major ingredient in air-conditioned and oven-dried applications (25.00% and 21.47%, respectively). The same compound was detected in both sun-drying and shade-drying methods, but the content was low. The antioxidant activity values of the samples were evaluated with 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2?-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging tests. While the best result for DPPH (IC50 value 57.94 ± 0.63 µg/mL) was found in the shade-dried stevia samples, the best result in terms of ABTS test (IC50 value 44.03 ± 1.22 µg/mL) ml) was detected in oven-dried. When the samples were examined in terms of antimicrobial activity, it was seen that extracts of all drying methods were effective against Staphylococcus aureus. However, it was determined that the extracts obtained from plants dried in air conditioning and oven had a stronger effect. The cell viability assay was utilized to assess the antiproliferative effects of extract on L929 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The extracts did not significantly affect the L929 cell viability, while MDA-MB-231 remarkably reduced cell viability (sun drying, IC50 = 0.9 mg/mL; oven drying, IC50 = 0.65 mg/mL; shade drying, IC50 = 0.74 mg/mL; air conditioner drying, IC50 = 0.47 mg/mL). In particular, the extract obtained by the air conditioner drying method showed the most prominent cytotoxic effect. The results showed that drying using different methods had an impact on the quality standards of the stevia leaves. © 2023, Horticulture and Forestry Society from Transylvania. All rights reserved.Öğe Determination of biological studies and molecular docking calculations of isatin-thiosemicarbazone hybrid compounds(Elsevier, 2022/09/15) Koçyiğit,Ümit M.; Doğan, Murat; Muğlu, Halit; Taslimi, Parham; Tüzün,Burak; Yakan,Hasan; Bal, Halil; Güzel,Emre; Gülçin,İlhamiDesign, synthesis, structural elucidation, and investigation of cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibition effects of isatinthiosemicarbazone hybrid compounds (1–15) are reported in this study. Hybrid compounds (14 and 15) were synthesized, isolated, and characterized for the first time. FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis were used to characterize the structures of the compounds. In the enzymatic evaluation, hybrid compound 13 was observed as the most potent inhibitor of AChE with a K˙ I value of 0.94 ± 0.13 μM (all compound K˙ I values between 0.94 ± 0.13 and 4.47 ± 0.92), also this compound was observed as the most potent inhibitor of BChE with a K˙ I value of 0.82 ± 0.11 μM (all compounds had K˙ I values between of 0.82 ± 0.11 and 3.48 ± 0.92). Almost all compounds were shown better inhibition profile than standard compound. In the theoretical calculations, the comparison of the biological activities of isatin-thiosemicarbazone hybrid derivatives against enzymes was studied. The enzymes studied in docking calculations are AChE and BChE. Then, ADME/T analysis was conducted to examine the drug properties of these derivatives. Besides, the antimicrobial activity of these molecules was investigated by the microdilution method according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria in the study. Cytotoxic activity of isatin-thiosemicarbazone hybrids was determined by the XTT cell viability assay on human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Among the hybrid compounds, compound 8 exhibited the most potent cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 23.42 ± 0.21 μg/mL and 19.68 ± 0.23 μg/mL on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively. Overall, the hybridization of isatin and thioseÖğe Determination of Genetic Diversity and Similarity among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains by RAPD-PCR(Ümit Muhammet KOÇYİĞİT, 2022) Bal, Halil; Altanlar, NurtenABSTRACT: Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and genetic similarity of Methicillin Resistant S.aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from clinical samples. Material and Methods: Thirty-two MRSA strains were identified by conventional methods. Methicillin resistance of strains were determined by PCR using the mecA gene primers. These strains were genetically typed by RAPD PCR using primers OLP-11 and OLP-13. Bionumerics V7.5 (Applied Maths) program was used for analysis and dendograms were generated by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). Results: All strains were confirmed as MRSA by PCR. Many different bands from 400 bp to 1000 bp were detected by RAPD PCR and five clusters (1-5) with OLP-11 and four clusters (1-4) were formed with OLP-13. In RAPD PCR performed with OLP-11 and OLP-13 primers, 80% (cluster 3-5) and 86% (cluster 1-4) similarities were found, respectively. MRSA strains isolated from wound samples were found to be more genetically similar to each other, with at least one in each cluster. Conclusion: RAPD PCR was found to be an effective method for the evaluation of genetic similarity and genetic diversity of MRSA strains.Öğe Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibition activity, and cell viability capacity of Hypericum heterophyllum vent., an endemic species in Turkey's Flora(Elsevier, 2024) Eruygur, Nuraniye; Ucar, Esra; Tuzun, Burak; Atas, Mehmet; Inanir, Merve; Demirbas, Ahmet; Bal, HalilThe aim of this study was determined the antioxidant, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibition activity, and cell viability capacity of H. heterophyllum (endemic species in the Flora of Turkey) extracts. H. heterophyllum methanolic extract was used in this study. H. heterophyllum plants collected at the beginning of flowering and during full flowering. P content was determined with calorimetrically in spectrophotometer. K, CA, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu was determined with Atomic Absorption and N concentration were determined according to the Kjeldahl distillation method. H. heterophyllum (endemic species in the Flora of Turkey) extract was evaluated for its antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, total phenol and flavonoid content), antimicrobial (four bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus) and two Candida species (Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis)), enzyme inhibition activity (alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase), and cell viability (XTT assay) capacity. Extracts from the beginning of flowering period showed stronger biological activity. It has been determined that the extracts have antioxidant, antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus) anticancer activity (on breast cancer cells), and inhibition effects of BChE and alphaglucosidase. It has been determined that the extracts obtained from H. heterophylum have important pharmacological activities, and the plant exhibits higher activity in the BF period. Hypericum heterophyllum Vent. The activities of the chemicals contained in it against various proteins that are alpha-gly enzyme (PDB ID: 1R47), AChE enzyme (PDB ID: 4M0E), BChE enzyme (PDB ID: 5NN0), alpha-Amylase (PDB ID: 3BAJ), breast cancer protein (PDB ID: 1A52 and 1JNX), were compared. ADME/T analysis of molecules with high activity was performed.Öğe Investigation of Cytotoxic Effects and Antimicrobial Activities of Light-cured and Self-cured Universal Adhesive Systems(Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry, 2024) Tunc, Tutku; Bal, Halil; Hubbezoglu, IhsanIntroduction: This study aimed to compare the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of a light-cured adhesive system and a self-cured adhesive system from the same company. Materials and Methods: A Tokuyama BOND force II (Light-cured) adhesive system (TF2B) and a Tokuyama Universal Bond (Self-cured) adhesive system (TUB) were selected for the study. The cytotoxicity evaluation of these two systems on cell cultures was performed using MTT assay and Agar Diffusion assay in L929 fibroblast cells. Disk diffusion method and broth microdilution (MIC) method were used to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. The experiments were performed on 6 pathogenic bacteria and 1 yeast fungus. Results: According to MTT test results, both adhesive systems have no significant toxic effect on healthy cells (L929). However, when TUB and TF2B were compared with each other, it was found that TF2B had almost no toxic effect. In the agar diffusion test, when the two bonds were compared with each other, a weak color lightening was observed only around the first concentration of TUB. No visible melting was detected in other concentrations of TUB and TF2B. Both adhesive systems failed to reach MIC values effectively on the test microorganisms. Since the results were far above the MIC values of the reference antibiotics, it was determined that they did not have antimicrobial effects. Disk diffusion results similarly showed that both bonds did not form an inhibition zone on the test microorganisms. Conclusions: In dentistry, cytotoxic effects of universal adhesive systems on living cells can be observed. Self-cured and Light-cured adhesive systems did not show toxic effects on L929 cells. In addition, antimicrobial effects on test microorganisms were not detected. The cytotoxicity of the materials can be tested on different cells. © (2024), (Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry). All rights reserved.Öğe NASAL CARRIAGE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN PHARMACIST AND PHARMACY PERSONNEL(University of Ankara, 2023) Bal, Halil; Yildiz, SulhiyeObjective: The aim of this study was to determine the Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) nasal carriage rates and risk factors in pharmacist and pharmacy personnel. Material and Method: 300 nasal swabs were collected from volunteers (pharmacist and pharmacy personnel) working in pharmacies in Ankara, Turkey. Samples were identified as S. aureus by phenotypic methods. Methicillin resistance of the strains was determined in accordance with the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) by the disk diffusion method and the presence of the mecA gene was investigated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Volunteers were asked to answer some questions (age, sex etc.) and risk factors for nasal S. aureus carriage were investigated. Result and Discussion: S. aureus was detected in 64 (21.3%) of 300 samples and of which 4 (1.3%) were identified as Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). S. aureus carriage rates were found to be 25.7% in pharmacist and 20% in pharmacy personnel. There was no significant difference between these two groups (p>0.05). A significant difference was found between some risk factors (smoking, diabetes, and outpatient treatment in hospital within the past year) and nasal S. aureus carriage (p<0.05). We think that compliance with hand hygiene and effective infection control policies can reduce the rates of S. aureus and MRSA carriage. © 2023 University of Ankara. All rights reserved.Öğe Pharmacological and biological features of ethanol extract of Salvia virgata Jacq.(2021) Ergül, Merve; Ataş, Mehmet; Bal, Halil; Sözmen, Esra Uçar; Eruygur, Nuraniye; Şenkal, Belgin Coşge; Uskutoğlu, TansuSalvia virgata as an ethnomedicinal plant comprehends a variety of efficient active ingredients and shows diverse pharmacological actions, such as anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. In this study we aimed to determine the biological content of the ethanolic extract of S. virgata and to determine its possible pharmacological effects. The broth microdilution technique was carried out for determining antimicrobial activities, and the test microorganisms included E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and C. tropicalis. DPPH and ABTS methods were used to detect antioxidant activity. The XTT cell viability test was utilized to assess the antiproliferative activity of the ethanolic extract of S. virgata on L929 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. S. virgata exhibited reasonable antimicrobial effects against E. coli (0.312 mg/mL) and S. aureus (0.312 mg/mL). DPPH and ABTS IC50 values were determined 291.58 ± 0.004 ?g/mL, 16.74 ± 0.007 ?g/mL respectively. S. virgata ethanolic extract TPC and TFC were observed 283.35 ± 10.4 mg GAE/g and 13.37 ± 1.6 mg QE/g, respectively. The extract was screened against ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase, AChE, and BChE enzymes, and inhibition activity was determined 75.73%, 62.72%, 67.19%, 3.18% respectively. The extracts did not significantly affect the L929 cell viability, while MDA-MB-231 remarkably reduced cell viability (IC50 = 0.118 mg/mL). The ethanolic extract of S. virgata can be considered as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of different pathological conditions due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects.
