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Öğe Ascorbic acid mitigates doxorubicin-induced spleen injury in rats: Histopathological and immunohistochemical insights(Univ Karachi, 2024) Gezer, Arzu; Ozkaraca, Mustafa; Sari, Ebru Karadag; Bedir, Gursel; Aydin, Pelin; Asker, Hasan; Abd El-Aty, AmThis study assessed the protective potential of ascorbic acid against doxorubicin-induced spleen tissue damage in rats. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. The control group received saline every other day at a dose of 1mL throughout the experiment. The ascorbic acid group was administered 50mg/kg of ascorbic acid daily for 10 days. The doxorubicin group received a single dose of 15mg/kg of doxorubicin on day 7. The ascorbic acid + doxorubicin group received both 50mg/kg of ascorbic acid daily for 10 days and a single dose of 15mg/kg of doxorubicin on day 7. After the experiment, splenic tissue samples were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Histopathological analysis revealed edema, destruction, and degeneration in the doxorubicin group, but these changes were alleviated in the ascorbic acid-treated group, approaching control group levels. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell immunopositivity in the ascorbic acid + doxorubicin group compared to the doxorubicin group. Biochemical tests indicated that doxorubicin reduced superoxide dismutase activity and increased malondialdehyde levels, whereas ascorbic acid mitigated these effects. The findings suggest that ascorbic acid may have a protective role against doxorubicin-induced spleen injury in rats.Öğe Black Garlic Extract Modulates Endothelin Expression and Ovulatory Function in Monosodium Glutamate Treated Rats(Wiley, 2025) Gezer, Arzu; Aras, Sukran Yediel; Ozkaraca, Mustafa; Baygutalp, Nurcan Kilic; Gundogdu, Gulhande; Sari, Ebru Karadag; Bedir, GurselMonosodium glutamate (MSG), a widely used food additive, has been associated with various health concerns, including potential reproductive toxicity. This study investigated the protective effects of black garlic (BG) ethanol extract against MSG-induced ovarian damage in rats. Thirty-two female rats in estrus were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 per group): control (saline), BG (250 mg/kg BW), MSG (4 mg/g BW), and BG+MSG (combined treatment). Treatments were administered daily for 14 days. Ovarian tissues were collected for histopathological, immunohistochemical (IHC), and biochemical analyses. Histopathological examination revealed a significant reduction in cystic follicles in the BG+MSG group compared to the MSG group (p < 0.0001). IHC analysis showed decreased immunoreactivity of endothelin-1 and endothelin-2 in the BG+MSG group compared to the MSG group (both p < 0.01). Biochemical assays demonstrated significantly increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol levels in the BG+MSG group compared to the MSG group (all p < 0.05), while progesterone levels were significantly lower in the MSG group compared to the BG+MSG group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that BG ethanol extract may mitigate MSG-induced ovarian dysfunction in rats by alleviating degenerative changes in follicles and modulating hormonal levels. This study provides insights into potential natural interventions for MSG-related reproductive toxicity.Öğe Docosahexaenoic acid eliminates endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory pathways in diabetic rat keratopathy(Elsevier, 2024) Gezer, Arzu; Ozkaraca, Mustafa; Ustundag, Hilal; Soydan, Menekse; Alkanoglu, Omer; Bedir, GurselDiabetic keratopathy, characterized by corneal structural changes, is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, has shown potential therapeutic benefits in various diabetic complications. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of DHA on corneal tissue in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 DM in rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10 per group): Control, DHA, DM, and DM + DHA. The DHA group received DHA by oral gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg daily for 10 days. In the DM group, diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ at 50 mg/kg. Confirmation of diabetes induction was based on monitoring fasting blood glucose levels on the third day post-injection. The DM + DHA group underwent the same diabetes induction protocol with STZ and received DHA at 100 mg/kg daily via oral gavage for 10 consecutive days. Corneal tissue samples were collected at the end of the study period for histopathological, immunohistochemical, qRT-PCR, and ELISA analyses. Histopathological analysis showed significant edema, angiogenesis, and degeneration in the DM group compared to the control (p < 0.001). DHA treatment significantly mitigated these changes, approaching control levels (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry showed increased VEGFR2 and iNOS expression in the DM group, which was significantly reduced in the DM + DHA group (p < 0.01). qRT-PCR results indicated a significant decrease in Bcl-2 expression (p < 0.001) and an increase in ATF-6, IRE1, NF-kappa B, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, NLRP3, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions in the DM group (p < 0.001). ELISA analyses revealed significantly elevated levels of inflammatory markers NF-kappa B, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 in the DM group compared to the control (p < 0.001). DHA treatment significantly upregulated Bcl-2 and downregulated apoptotic and inflammatory markers (p < 0.01). DHA demonstrated significant protective effects against STZ-induced corneal damage in diabetic rats by modulating apoptotic and inflammatory pathways. These findings suggest that DHA may be a promising therapeutic agent for preventing diabetic keratopathy.Öğe Exploring the neuroprotective effects of black garlic ethanol extract on acrylamide-induced brain damage through apoptotic and neurodegenerative pathways(Ankara Univ, 2024) Gezer, Arzu; Karadag Sari, Ebru; Gelen, Volkan; Elis Yildiz, Sevda; Ozkaraca, Mustafa; Bedir, Gursel; Calik, FatmaThis research focused on exploring the therapeutic impact of black garlic ethanol extract (BGE) on the brain tissue of rats exposed to acrylamide (ACR). Twenty-four female rats were divided into four groups. Rats in the control group were given 1 ml of saline by oral gavage for 14 days. The BG group received 5 mg/200 g of BGE extract on a daily basis. The ACR group was administered 40 mg/kg of ACR daily. Rats in the BGE+ACR group received both 5 mg/200 g of BG extract and 40 mg/kg of ACR daily. Brain tissue samples were collected at the study's conclusion for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to examine the general structure of the brain tissue. Erk1/2, pERK1/2, and c-fos were analyzed immunohistochemically; Bcl-2, Caspase-3, ATF6, CREB, and NfkB-p65 protein levels were analyzed by Western blotting; and MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH, TNF-alpha, IL-1(3, and IL-6 activities and levels were analyzed using ELISA kits. It was determined that ACR application raised the levels of Erk1/2, p-ERK1/2, c-Fos, NfkB-p65, caspase-3, MDA, IL-6, IL-1-(3, and TNF-alpha, and BGE supplementation decreased this increase. ACR exposure caused a decrease in Bcl-2, ATF6, CREB, CAT, GSH, and SOD expressions, and BGE supplementation prevented or increased this decrease. Based on the findings obtained, it can be said that the ethanol extract of black garlic has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, prevents cell damage, and has positive effects on apoptosis in rat brain tissue.
