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    Evaluation of the Effects of Locally Applied Resveratrol and Cigarette Smoking on Bone Healing
    (Mdpi, 2024) Iskender, Muhsin Firat; Cina, Muge; Camli, Sevket Tolga; Ciris, Ibrahim Metin; Yuceer, Ramazan Oguz
    Background: Bone healing is a complex process controlled by various mechanisms. It is known that cigarette smoking (CS) negatively affects bone healing by disrupting many of these mechanisms. In an effort to find ways to eliminate these negative effects caused by CS, studies have been conducted on various vitamins, antioxidants, and medications. Since high doses and repeated injections are required to increase the therapeutic effect of conventional drug applications, controlled drug delivery systems have been developed to avoid such problems. This study aimed to investigate the effects of resveratrol (RES), which has been made into a controlled drug delivery system, on bone healing in rats that were experimentally exposed to cigarette smoke to create a chronic smoking model. Methods: After establishing a chronic CS model by exposing the subjects to cigarette smoke of six cigarettes/day for four weeks, monocortical critical size defects of 3 mm (SD +/- 0.02 mm) in diameter were created in the femur using a trephine bur. During the operation, the defects in RES groups were filled locally with a gel-formed solution of RES (50 mu M) and Pluronic F-127 (14 mu L). CS exposure was continued during the bone healing period after surgery. All groups were sacrificed one month after the operation, and femur samples were taken. Results: The obtained samples were examined by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical techniques; osteoblast count, new bone area, macroscopic filling score, vascularization, and proliferation were evaluated. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that CS negatively affects bone healing and that local application of RES reduces this effect.