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Öğe A case report of rare variant: well-developed paracondylar process(Springer France, 2024) Cimen, KaanPurpose The paracondylar process (PCP) is defined as the bony prominence extending from the outer side of the condyles on the outer surface of the occipital bone downwards towards the transverse process of the atlas (TPA). In this case report, the morphometry of the rarely seen PCP and its morphometric data with neighboring structures are evaluated.Case Report and Results Unilateral (right-sided) PCP was observed in the cranium of a Caucasian female. The base of the PCP, located on the outer side of the occipital condyle (OC) and just behind the jugular foramen (JF), was broader than its apex and had a molar shape. The base width was measured as 13.6, and the top width was measured as 8.7 mm. PCP length was measured at 15.2 mm. The base distance of the PCP, which was located very closely with the OC and JF, to these structures was measured as 0.42 and 0.59 mm, respectively. The distance to the spinous process (SP) and mastoid process (MP) of the temporal bone was relatively greater and was measured as 1.07 and 15.5 mm, respectively.Conclusions The rare PCP reported, in this case, was well-developed and molar type. It is likely large enough to articulate with the TPA regarding length. However, this could not be shown because the matched atlas could not be found. We believe that supporting the close adjacencies of PCP with OC and JF with metric data may benefit clinicians working in regional surgery.Öğe Determination of the prevalence of complete type retrotransverse and arcuate foramen of the atlas using three-dimensional computed tomography images(Springer France, 2025) Cimen, Kaan; Gul, EnesPurpose To determine the prevalence of complete type retrotransverse (RTF) and arcuate foramen (AF)'s in a large cohort using three-dimensional (3D) computed images (CT) and explore their correlation with each other. MethodsBetween January 2023 and August 2024, all neck and cervical vertebrae CTs taken in our hospital were scanned retrospectively. It is noted the presence or absence of complete RTF and AF, laterality, gender, and age of those included in the study. Results A total of 2000 patients were included in the study, with an equal distribution of females and males. The prevalence of complete AF was 6.4%, 10%, and 16.3% bilaterally, unilaterally, and in total. The prevalence of complete AF was 12% in females and 20.6% in males. The gender prevalence differences of bilateral AF were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The prevalence of complete RTF was 1.8%, 8.9%, and 10.6% bilaterally, unilaterally, and in total. The prevalence of complete RTF was 9.7% in females, and 11.6% in males. The prevalence differences between genders were insignificant (p = 0.173). The ipsilateral prevalence of complete AF and RTF was 0.2%, 0.2%, and 0.4%, respectively, bilateral, unilateral right, and unilateral left. Conclusions The complete AF and RTF prevalences in the study group were not uncommon. The prevalence of complete AF and RTF together is quite rare. Complete RTF is more common in elderly patients and on the left side, while complete AF does not show any difference in laterality and age, and is more common in males than in females.Öğe Functional morphology of arteriovenous anastomoses on rat ovary(Univ Zulia, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, 2024) Cimen, Kaan; Cimen, MehmetThis study aims to show the morphology of the structure involved in the function of arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA) under electron microscope. The study used 20 adult females of Rattus norvegicus. Ovarian tissue samples were fixed in 3% Glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, and then post-fixed in increasing concentrations of Ethanol, tissues were embedded in Epon resin. Semi-thin tissue sections were double stained with Uranyl acetate saturated in 70% Ethanol and lead Citrate. The ultrathin sections were examined in a JEOL 100 C electron microscope. In the opened AVA section, tunica intima, tunica media, and adventitia layers were observed in the vessel wall structure. The endothelial cell was present in the tunica intima, and the lumen was open. Thick layered smooth muscle cells were found in the tunica media. The muscles were arranged inner longitudinally and outer circularly. The internal elastic membrane lies between the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. In another section taken from the tunica adventitia, fibroblasts were observed between dense elastic and collagen fibrils. The longitudinal smooth muscle was contracted in the closed AVA section, and the lumen appeared in the typical asterisks shape. This study showed the functional morphology of the AVA's and detailed vessel wall structures in the rat ovary. Lumen structure with open and closed AVAs is also shown. With observations from this study, the functional properties of the formations in the AVA wall structure are explained in the rat ovary.Öğe Role of dopaminergic system in oxytocin analgesia: The missing part in a puzzle(Pharmacotherapy Group, 2020) Tastemur, Yasar; Taskiran, Ahmet Sevki; Altun, Ahmet; Filiz, Ahmet Kemal; Gulmez, Kader; Cimen, Kaan; Ozdemir, ErcanPurpose: To investigate the analgesic effects of oxytocin (OT) and elucidate the role of dopaminergic system in its mechanisms. Methods: In this study, 72 male (n=6 for each group) 230-250 gr Wistar Albino rats were used. Firstly, dose studies were performed with 100 mu g/kg, 200 mu g/kg and 400 mu g/kg to determine the optimal analgesic effect of oxytocin. Optimal dose was found at 200 mu g/kg, and then animals were divided into nine groups: Saline, D1 agonist (SKF 38393; 0.1 mg/kg), D1 antagonist (SCH-23390; 0.1 mg/kg), D1 agonist + oxytocin, D1 antagonist + oxytocin, D2 agonist (Cabergoline; 0,5 mg/kg), D2 antagonist (Sulpride; 10 mg/kg), D2 agonist + oxytocin and D2 antagonist + oxytocin. Serum physiologic saline was given to the saline group and other drugs were administered intraperitoneally at the indicated doses. Tail-flick and hot-plate tests were used to measure analgesic effects. Analgesic tests were measured in 30 min-intervals (at 30th, 60th, 90th, and 120th min) and recorded in seconds. To evaluate maximum antinociceptive effect (% MPE), the tail-flick and hot-plate latencies were converted to the antinociceptive effectiveness Results: The results show that D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (0.1 mg/kg) and D2 agonist cabergoline (0.5 mg/kg) created strong analgesia while the D1 agonist SKF 38393 (0.1 mg/kg) and D2 antagonist sulpiride (10 mg/kg) did not have any analgesic effect. However, only D2 antagonist sulpiride blocked the analgesic effect produced by OT Conclusion: OT may be one of the primary agents participating in spinal analgesia, and the dopaminergic system is one of the central mechanisms of action for this important molecule. The dopaminergic system may also be one of the targets for 'descending' analgesic system.Öğe The relationship of distal femur and proximal tibia morphology with anterior cruciate ligament injuries(Springer France, 2023) Cimen, Kaan; Otag, Ilhan; Oztemur, ZekeriyaPurposeThe study aims to determine the correlations between the anatomical structures of the distal femur and proximal tibia associated with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).MethodsBilateral extremities of 293 patients [143 ACL-ruptured, 150 ACL-intact] (all male) were included in the study. Femoral bi-condylar width (BCW), intercondylar notch width (NW) in the distal femur, proximal tibia width (TW), and tibial eminence width (EW) parameters were measured in the proximal tibia. Indexes are calculated as intercondylar notch width index (NWI) = NW/BCW, tibial eminence width index (EWI) = EW/TW.ResultsBCW, NW, TW, and EW measurements were lower in the ACL-ruptured group, but the difference was statistically significant only in the NW (p = 0.009) and TW (p = 0.005) measurements. There was no difference between groups in the NWI. The EWI parameters were calculated higher in the ACL-ruptured group, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.02). In both groups, there were very strong correlations between BCW and TW (ACL-ruptured r = 0.820, ACL-intact r = 0.877) and between NW and NWI (ACL-ruptured r = 0.862, ACL-intact r = 0.852), also EW and EWI in ACL-intact group (r = 0.947).ConclusionsThe NW and TW measurements may give an idea about injury risk or prevention in morphological measurements. Correlations also show that the femur and tibia should consider together for ACL injuries.
