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    Early maladaptive schemas in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2024) Sireli, Ozlem; Colak, Mehmet; Demirci, Tugce Hilda; Savascihabes, Ayse Ece; Cinar, Hatice Oz
    Introduction Current evidence suggests that early maladaptive schemas are affected in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most of the studies on the subject have been conducted with adults, but the number of studies conducted with adolescents with ADHD is quite limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate early maladaptive schemas in adolescents diagnosed with ADHD.Methods The study included 66 patients diagnosed with ADHD and 70 healthy adolescents who were similar to the case group in terms of age and gender. Clinical evaluation of the case and control groups were performed with The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish Adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T). Conners-Wells Adolescent Self-Report Scale - Revised Short Form (CASS-RS) and Set of Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaires for Children and Adolescents between the ages of 10-16 were administered to all participants.Results It was determined that the schema scores of dependence/incompetence, vulnerability to harm or illness, entitlement/grandiosity, insufficient self-control, subjugation were significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the control group. A negative, significant relationship was found between age and enmeshment/undeveloped self, entitlement/grandiosity and insufficient self-control schema scores. There was no significant difference between schema scores in terms of gender in the ADHD group. Additionally, no significant relationship was found between the education level of the parents, family income levels and schema scores. A significant positive relationship was found between the CASS-RS scores and all schema scores. As a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that CASS-RS scores positively predicted all schema scores, while the age variable negatively predicted only the schema scores of enmeshment/undeveloped self.Discussion Results of this study showed that there were significant differences in adolescents in the ADHD group compared to the control group in terms of early maladaptive schemas, and that ADHD symptom levels was associated with early maladaptive schemas.
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    Mediator role of cognitive distortions in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and peritraumatic stress levels
    (Elsevier, 2025) Colak, Mehmet; Sireli, Ozlem
    Background: There are many studies showing the relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), peritraumatic stress, and cognitive distortions. However, there is a very limited number of studies focusing on the relationship between PTSD and cognitive distortions in children and adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between PTSD symptoms and peritraumatic stress levels in adolescents who experienced the 6 February Turkey earthquakes and the mediator role of cognitive distortions in this relationship. Methods: The study sample consisted of 261 adolescents with a mean age of 15.51 +/- 1.07. The Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI), the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI), and the Cognitive Distortion Scale (CDS) were administered to the participants. Results: It was determined that there was a positive relationship between the peritraumatic stress levels and PTSD symptoms of the participants, and their peritraumatic stress levels significantly and positively predicted their PTSD symptoms and cognitive distortions. According to the results of the regression analyses, the self-perception, self-blame, helplessness, hopelessness, and perceiving life as dangerous dimensions of cognitive distortions and total CDS scores of the participants had partial mediator roles in the relationship between their peritraumatic stress levels and PTSD symptoms. Limitations: Participants' PTSD symptoms were assessed using self-report scales. Pre-traumatic factors were not questioned. Conclusion: Our results showed that the peritraumatic stress levels of adolescents who survived the 6 February Turkey earthquakes predicted their PTSD symptom levels, and their cognitive distortions played a mediator role in the relationship between their peritraumatic stress levels and PTSD symptoms. Implications and contribution: In psychological and psychiatric assessments of adolescents living in earthquake zones, peritraumatic stress levels should be kept in mind as a significant factor that can pose a risk in terms of PTSD. Furthermore, it is believed that cognitive distortions that can be causally related to PTSD should be taken into account in the treatment of PTSD.
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    The relationship between adolescents' social anxiety level and parental acceptance-rejection and control: the mediating role of ınterpersonal cognitive distortions
    (Springer, 2024) Sireli, Ozlem; Colak, Mehmet
    There are many studies showing that social anxiety disorder is associated with negative parental attitudes. It is known that exposure to negative parental attitudes and related negative experiences during childhood affect the cognitive process and cause the development of cognitive distortions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between perceived parental acceptance-rejection and control levels and social anxiety levels in adolescents, and the mediating role of interpersonal cognitive distortions in the relationship between both variables. The sample of the study consists of 142 adolescents with a mean age of 15.9 +/- 1.36 years. Participants were evaluated with the Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised Form, Child Versions the Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire for Mothers and Fathers and Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale. The results showed that perceived levels of parental rejection and maternal control positively predicted adolescents' social anxiety levels and interpersonal cognitive distortion levels. In the regression model established to evaluate the mediating role of the sub-dimensions of interpersonal cognitive distortions; it was found that unrealistic relationship expectations played a partial mediator role between mothers' rejecting and overly controlling attitudes and adolescents' social anxiety levels. Interpersonal rejection, which is the other sub-dimension of interpersonal cognitive distortions, was found to play a full mediator role between both the rejecting attitudes of mothers and fathers, the controlling attitudes of mothers, and the social anxiety levels of adolescents. The results showed that interpersonal cognitive distortions played a mediating role in the relationship between perceived negative parental attitudes and adolescents' social anxiety levels. This study is one of the few studies that examines the relationship between parental attitudes and social anxiety levels in the adolescent age group in terms of the mediating effects of cognitive distortions. It is thought that our results are important for understanding the nature of social anxiety disorder and its treatment approach.