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    4-weeks Dynamic Balance training fails to improve ankle and knee joint position sense
    (2018) Cuğ, Mutlu; Wıkstrom, Erik A.
    Objective: Research clearly shows that balance training improves balance and reduces recurrent injuries. However, theexisting data is inconclusive about the effect of balance training exercises on proprioceptive outcomes. While somestudies have reported positive effects of balance training on position sense other have reported insignificant findings.For that reason the purpose of this study was to determine if a dynamic balance training program centered on the use ofunstable surface exercises can improve lower extremity joint position sense.Setting: University Research LaboratoryParticipants: Twelve healthy men (age: 22.5 ± 4.58 years, height: 181.58 ± 7.57 cm, weight:85.25 ±10.67 kg, BMI:25.87 ± 3.01 kg/m2) and 16 healthy women (age: 20.87 ± 3.4 years, height: 164.13 ± 6.15 cm, weight: 63.75 ±13.3 kg,BMI: 23.53 ± 3.94 kg/m2 ) volunteered to participate.Intervention(s): All participants underwent a total of 12 supervised training sessions over a 4-week period of time witheach session lasting about 30 minutes. The specific exercises that were performed during each training session included:1) hop to stabilization onto and off of a BOSU ball in four directions (anterior, lateral, anteriomedial, and anteriolateral;2) mini-squats on a BOSU ball while in a single limb stance; 3) unanticipated reach sequences while stabilizing on aBOSU ball in a single limb stance; and 4) static single limb stance on a BOSU ball.Main Outcome Measure(s): Ankle joint position sense and knee joint position sense were assessed by a passivereproduction of passive positioning protocol. Target angles of 10° and 20° of inversion were used for ankle jointposition sense; 30° and 45° of knee flexion were used for knee joint position sense assesment. Average absolute errorfor the dominant limb quantifed joint-position sense.Results: At the end of 4 weeks dynamic balance training program centered on the use of unstable surface, absoluteerror score for ankle inversion at 10° improved from 2.29±1.61 to 2.09±1.86, knee flexion at 30° improved from5.07±2.78 to 4.80±2.55, and knee flexion at 45° improved from 4.12±2.19 to 3.87±2.25. However, this improvementswere not significant (p>0.05)Conclusions: There were improvements noted (absolute error decreased for 10o of inversion and 30o and 45o of kneeflexion) despite the lack of significant differences and small effect sizes with 95% CIs that crossed 0. The lack of asignificant improvement in absolute errors scores could be due to methodological considerations, participantcharacteristics and/or a training volume dose response.
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    Dorsiflexion and dynamic postural control asymmetry in elite male volleyball players
    (Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 2020) Cuğ, Mutlu; Wikstrom, Erik; Pak, İbrahim Ethem; Diker, Gürkan
    Objective: Movement assymetry is considered a potential risk factor for musculoskeletal injury in sport. Sports such as volleyball are thought to cause movement assymetries due to specific sporting demands. Further, between limb comparisons are often used for return to sport decisions. Despite this, little information is available regarding the presence of assymetry in volleyball athletes. Therefore the purpose of this investigation was to determine the presence of assymetry in dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) and dynamic postural control variables, factors important in return to sport decisions, both the group and individual level in professional male volleyball players. Secondarly, we aimed to better understand the role of DFROM on the Star excursion balance test (SEBT), a measure of dynamic postural control. Method: Thirty-two Professional male volleyball players (age: 24.7±5.53 years, height: 190.6±7.63 cm., weight: 84.5±9.28 kg., BMI: 23.22±1.62 kg/m2) participated in this investigation. All participants reported for a single test session during which DFROM and the SEBT were assessed on both limbs. Results: There was a significant group difference (p <0.05) between limbs for the normalized anterior (landing leg: 73.3 ± 6.2%; non-landing leg: 71.4 ± 6.8% ) posteromedial (landing leg: 112.6±9.3%; non-landing leg: 107.6±10.8%) and posterolateral (landing leg: 114.5±8.1%; non-landing leg: 111.4±9.4%) SEBT reach direction. The anterior and posteriomedial but not the posteriolateral reach differences exceeded the minimal detectable change score for the SEBT. At the individual level, the vast majority of participants demonstrated minimal assymetry. Significant correlations were found between DFROM and the anterior SEBT reach (r = 0.36 to 0.39, p<0.04) as well as the posteriolateral SEBT reach (r= 0.47 to 0.50, p<0.01). Conclusions: Professional volleyball players do not have DFROM or dynamic postural control assymetries but DFROM can influence dynamic postural control.