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Öğe Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire - Turkish Version: Study of Validity and Reliability(GALENOS YAYINCILIK, 2019) Darendeli, Abdulkerim; Diker, Gurkan; Cinar, ZiynetObjective: Athlete sleep behavior questionnaire (ASBQ) is a new, valid and reliable questionnaire for evaluating the sleep behaviors of elite athletes. The main objective of the current study was to provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the ASBQ (ASBQ-TR). Materials and Methods: Ninety-seven athletes and eighty-three non-athletes were included in the current study and asked to complete the 18-item ASBQ-TR. A sub-group of athletes (n=50) completed the ASBQ-TR twice, 7 days apart. The ASBQ was translated into English twice and then back-translated to Turkish after the permission of the author was received. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were performed via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Results: There was a significant difference between the athlete and non-athlete groups in ASBQ-TR total score (38.4 and 36.2 respectively, p<0.05). Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was acceptable (ICC=0.85). The factor loadings of ASBQ-TR were between 0.41 and 0.82. One of the 18-items of the questionnaire was removed due to the factor loading (below 0.40). Conclusion: The ASBQ-TR is a 17-item valid and reliable tool that can be used to identify sleep challenges that athletes face. The ASBQ-TR can be used as a practical tool for researchers and coaches evaluating the sleep behaviors of elite athletes. This tool may also be used to examine the sleep behavior differences among sports with different recovery needs and training loads.Öğe Comparison of EMG Activity in Leg Muscles between Overground and Treadmill Running(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2023) Darendeli, Abdulkerim; Ertan, Hayri; Enoka, Roger MaroIntroductionTreadmills have been widely used for training and performance testing during which the treadmill grade is usually set to 0%-2% grade. The purpose of our study was to compare the level of activation of lower body muscles when running at two speeds in an overground condition and on a treadmill at 0%, 1%, and 2% grades.MethodsWe recorded EMG data of eight lower body muscles from 13 recreationally active individuals during overground and treadmill running at 2.92 and 4.58 m center dot s(-1). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) tests were performed (3 x 6 s) to identify maximal torque and EMG values. The stride cycles, from one foot strike to the next, were identified using a pair of triaxial accelerometers. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to examine the differences in EMG activity across running conditions and speeds. Cohen's d effect size was calculated to indicate the difference between the overground and the treadmill running conditions.ResultsThe effect sizes were moderate to negligible for differences between the EMG integral values for overground running and the three treadmill grades. The coefficient of variation for stride time during overground running was significantly larger than that of the treadmill running at 4.58 m center dot s(-1).ConclusionsThe results showed that the overall EMG profiles of the thigh and shank muscles were similar for the overground and treadmill conditions, but the similarity was greatest for thigh muscles when running on the treadmill at 1% grade and for shank muscles at 2% grade. The variability in stride time was greater during overground running than when running on a treadmill and was associated with elevated EMG activity of some muscles.Öğe Comparison of EMG activity in shank muscles between individuals with and without chronic ankle instability when running on a treadmill(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Darendeli, Abdulkerim; Ertan, Hayri; Cug, Mutlu; Wikstrom, Erik; Enoka, Roger MaroChanges in movement capabilities after an injury to the ankle may impose adaptations in the peripheral and central nervous system. The purpose of our study was to compare the electromyogram (EMG) profile of ankle stabilizer muscles and stride-time variation during treadmill running in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). Recreationally active individuals with (n = 12) and without (n = 15) CAI ran on a treadmill at two speeds. EMG activity of four shank muscles as well as tibial acceleration data were recorded during the running trials. EMG amplitude, timing of EMG peaks, and variation in stride-time were analyzed from 30 consecutive stride cycles. EMG data were time-normalized to stride duration and amplitude was normalized relative to the appropriate maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) task. Individuals with CAI had similar EMG amplitudes and peak timing, but an altered order of peak EMG activity in ankle stabilizer muscles, a significantly greater EMG amplitude for PL with an increase in speed, and a greater stride-time variability during treadmill running compared with individuals who had no history of ankle sprains. The results of our study indicate that individuals with CAI exhibit altered activation strategies for ankle stabilizer muscles when running on a treadmill.Öğe Control of motor output during steady submaximal contractions is modulated by contraction history(Springer, 2024) Darendeli, Abdulkerim; Enoka, Roger M.The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of contraction history on force steadiness and the associated EMG activity during submaximal isometric contractions performed with the dorsiflexor muscles. The key feature of the protocol was a triangular ramp contraction performed in the middle of a steady contraction at a lower target force. The target force during the ramp contraction was 20% MVC greater than that during the steady contraction. Thirty-seven healthy individuals (21 men and 16 women) performed the submaximal tasks with the ankle dorsiflexors. Electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded from tibialis anterior with a pair of surface electrodes. The coefficient of variation for force was significantly greater during the second steady contraction compared with the first one at each of the seven target forces (p < 0.015; d = 0.38-0.92). Although the average applied force during the steady contractions before and after the triangular contraction was the same (p = 0.563), the mean EMG amplitude for the steady contractions performed after the triangular contraction was significantly greater at each of the seven target forces (p < 0.0001; d = 0.44-0.68). Also, there were significant differences in mean EMG frequency between the steady contractions performed before and after the triangular contraction (p < 0.01; d = 0.13-0.82), except at 10 and 20% MVC force. The greater force fluctuations during a steady submaximal contraction after an intervening triangular contraction indicate a change in the discharge characteristics of the involved motor units.Öğe Maksimal aerobik hızın belirlenmesinde kullanılan farklı yöntemlerin geçerliliğinin araştırılması(Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 2019) Darendeli, Abdulkerim; Cuğ, MutluBu çalışma maksimal aerobik hızın (MAH) belirlenmesinde kullanılabilecek farklı yöntemlerin iyi antrenmanlı amatör futbolcularda geçerliliğini araştırmayı ve çıktıları modellemeyi amaçlamıştır. Katılımcılar aktif olarak spor yapan (en az 3 yıllık futbol antrenman geçmişine sahip) 18 amatör erkek futbolcudan (yaş: 18.3±0.5, boy uzunluğu: 177.7±6.4 cm, kilo: 70.4±8.5 kg ve BKİ: 22.3±1.9) oluşmuştur. Grup en az 72 saat aralıklarla, test gününe en az 24 saat kala zorlayıcı egzersize ya da bir eyleme dâhil olmadan, randomize sıralanmış dört ayrı test periyoduna (Yoyo IR1, 20-MKT, 5 dakika ve Universite de Montreal track test (UMTT)) katılmıştır. Yoyo IR1 ve 20- MKT testleri tamamlandığında ulaşılan son hız; 5 dakika ve 1200m testlerinde görülen ortalama hız kişinin MAH değeri kabul edildiğinde ve önceki çalışmalarda önerilen eşitlik modelleri kullanılıp MAH tahmin edildiğinde, UMTT den alınan MAH değerleri ile ilişkileri ve ortalamalar arasındaki farkın anlamlılığı incelenmiştir. İstatistiksel analizlerde alfa 0.05 olarak alınmıştır. Değişkenlerin homojenitesi ve normal dağılımları kontrol edilmiş, tanımlayıcı istatistik bilgileri verilmiştir. İkili ve üzeri karşılaştırmalarda sırasıyla Paired Samples t Test ve Repeated Measures ANOVA kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişki Pearson's r ile test edilmiştir. Testlerin sonuçları kullanarak UMTT MAH değerinin tahmin edilebilmesi için çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılarak eşitlik modelleri üretilmiştir. UMTT ile Yoyo IR1, 20-MKT, 5 dakika MAH yönünden ikili karşılaştırıldığında ortalamalar arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0.05), ortalama fark sırasıyla 1.4, 2.1, 0.6 dır (sırasıyla r=0.68, 0.70, 0.52; p<0.05). UMTT v ile 1200m MAH arasında anlamlı fark olmadığı görülmüştür (p>0.05) ve ortalama fark sadece 0.4 tür (r=0.51, p<0.05). UMTT ile önceden yapılan çalışmaların önerdiği eşitliklerden çıkartılan MAH değerleri ikili karşılaştırıldığında fark anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Yoyo IR1 sonuçları kullanılarak belirlenen eşitlik asıl değeri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı öngörülebilmektedir (F(3,14) = 11.639, p<0.05, R2 = .714) ve R = 0.845, tahminin seviyesinin iyi olduğunu göstermektedir. 20-MKT ve 5 dakika test sonuçları kullanıldığında belirlenen eşitlik MAH değerini istatistiksel olarak anlamlı öngörülebilmektedir (p<0.05, R2 = 0.499, R 2=0.479 sırasıyla). Yoyo IR1, 20-MKT, 5dk testi kullanılarak MAH değeri tahmin edilmek istenildiğinde, bu testlerin MAHumtt den farklı sonuçlar verdiği görülmektedir. 1200m testi kullanıldığında ise MAHumtt e benzer sonuçlar alınmaktadır. Bulgular ışığında, amatör erkek futbolcularda MAH değerinin ortalama 15.3 km/sa olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmamız, farklı seviye ya da branşlardaki katılımcılar üzerinde yapılmış önceki çalışmalardan üretilen MAH öngörme eşitliklerinin bizim grubumuz üzerinde kullanıldığında, asıl MAH değerinden farklı sonuçlar verdiğini göstermiştir. Model 1, Yoyo IR1 sonuçlarını kullanarak MAH değerini oldukça iyi açıklarken 20-MKT ve 5dk testleri için çıkartılan eşitliklerin tahmin gücü daha düşüktür. Bu nedenle futbolcularda MAH belirlenmek istenildiğinde Yoyo IR1 modelinin kullanılması önerilebilir. Gelecek çalışmalar bu çalışmanın hipotezini altın standart yöntem (metabolik kart, gaz analizörü) ile de sorgulamalıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Maksimal Aerobik Hız, Futbol, Yüksek Şiddetli Egzersiz, Oksijen Tüketimi, Universite de Montreal Track Test, Bireysel Antrenman ŞiddetiÖğe Recovery time variation during sprint interval training impacts amateur soccer players adaptations-a pilot study(Termedia Publishing House Ltd, 2023) Diker, Gürkan; Darendeli, Abdulkerim; Chamari, Karim; Dellal, Alexandre; Muniroglu, Sürhat; On, Sadi; Ozkamci, HuseyinThe objective of the present study was to investigate the selected performance adaptations of amateur soccer players to 2 different running-based sprint interval training (SIT) protocols with different recovery intervals and work-rest ratios (1:5 & 1:1). Twenty-three subjects (age 21.4 +/- 1.1 years; height 175.4 +/- 4.7 cm; body mass 69 +/- 6.4 kg) participated in the study. Before the 6-weeks training period, participants completed 3-weeks of low-intensity training preparation. Subsequently, the pre-tests (anthropometric measurements, repeated sprint test [12 x 20-m with 30-s recovery intervals], Yo-YoIRT1 & Yo-YoIRT2 and treadmill VO2max test) were conducted. Thereafter, participants were randomly divided into 3 sub-groups (1 - SIT with 150 s recovery intervals [SIT150, n = 8]; 2 - SIT with 30 s recovery intervals [SIT30, n = 7]; and 3 - control group [CG, n = 8]). SIT150 and SIT30 training groups completed sprint interval training (2-days/week; 30-s all-out running, 6-10 repetition with 150 s recovery intervals for SIT150 and 30 s for SIT30 groups, respectively), a soccer match (1-day) and routine soccer training (3-days) per week. The CG attended only routine training sessions and the soccer-match (4-days). The study experiments and the trainings were conducted during off-season. Yo-YoIRT1, Yo-YoIRT2, and VO2max were significantly improved both in SIT30 and SIT150 (p < 0.05) groups. Yo-YoIRT1 and VO2max were also significantly improved in CG (p < 0.05). Both the SIT150 and SIT30 training were shown to improve Yo-YoIRT1, Yo-YoIRT2 and VO2max performance compared to the control group, nevertheless, SIT150 was more efficient in improving the Yo-YoIRT1, Yo-YoIRT2 than SIT30. The authors of this study suggest using SIT150 to induce more effective performance outputs in amateur soccer players.Öğe The new wireless EEG device Mentalab Explore is a valid and reliable system for the measurement of resting state EEG spectral features(Elsevier, 2023) Dirik, Hasan Batuhan; Darendeli, Abdulkerim; Ertan, HayriTechnological advancements in neuroscience have provided many conveniences to scientists, researchers, and consumers. The emerging electroencephalography (EEG) devices are good examples for it. The objective of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of a new wireless EEG device Mentalab Explore for resting-state EEG (rsEEG) recordings in eyes open and eyes closed conditions. Twenty-three healthy subjects were recruited for the study. The subjects visited the laboratory on two occasions. On the first day, both devices were used to record rsEEG data, and after 24 h, only the Mentalab Explore was used to record rsEEG for test-retest reliability analysis. We compared the alpha peak frequency, suppression, and mean power between the two devices. Intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated for test-retest reliability analysis. Power spectral density (PSD) was calculated using Welch method. The PSD (eyes closed p < 0.0001; eyes open p = 0.01-0.0001), alpha peak frequency (p < 0.0001), and alpha suppression (p = 0.002-0.0001) from the two EEG devices as well as the test-retest results from the Mentalab device were significantly correlated. There were no significant differences in alpha peak frequency or suppression between the clinical-grade and the new devices for 01 and 02 channels in eyes-closed condition. The two measurements completed similar to 24 h apart using the Mentalab system were similar for all the variables. We showed that the consumer-grade Mentalab Explore with gel electrodes is a reliable and valid EEG recording device for rsEEG spectral features.Öğe The relationship between sprint performance and both lower and upper extremity explosive strength in young soccer players(Iermakov S S, 2021) Diker, Gurkan; Muniroglu, Surhat; On, Sadi; Ozkamci, Huseyin; Darendeli, AbdulkerimPurpose: Sprint performance plays a major role in success of field-based team sports such as soccer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sprinting performance and both lower and upper extremity explosive strength in young soccer players. Material: One hundred forty-seven soccer players (meanSD; age 11.61.66 years, height 143.2 +/- 11.8 cm, body mass 37.1 +/- 10.2 kg and training experience 1.11 +/- 1.5 years) voluntarily participated in this study. The sprinting performance of each player was determined using their 5, 10, 20 and 30m single sprint times. The lower and upper extremity explosive strength were evaluated by standing long jump and medicine ball throwing tests respectively. Prior to the study, each of the players was given detailed information about the risks and injuries they could encounter during the study, and parental consent was obtained by their signatures on informed voluntary consent forms since the subjects were under the age of 18. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from Ankara University Medical Faculty's Surgical and Medical Research Ethics Committee. Results: The results indicated a strong relationship between sprinting performance and horizontal jump performance (r=-.671- -.764; p=0.001) and also a large relationship between sprinting performance and upper extremity strength (r=-.633 - -.703; p=0.001). The sprint performance (n=147) also significantly correlated with body weight (r=-.345 - -.373; p=0.001) and height (r=-.445 - -.505; p=0.001). Conclusions: The study results suggest that upper extremity strength is as important as the lower extremity strength for sprinting performance and that trainers should emphasize lower and upper extremity strength in training intended to improve sprinting performance.
