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Öğe Açık ve Ambalajlı Dondurmalarda Aflatoksin M1 Varlığının Araştırılması(Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 2023) Biniş, Ahmet Burak; Demir, TuğbaBu çalışmada, ambalajlı ve açık olarak satışa sunulan dondurmalarda Aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) varlığının araştırılması, yasal düzenlemeler dikkate alınarak halk sağlığı yönünden tehlike oluşturup oluşturmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, 30 adet farklı markalardan oluşan meyveli, sade ve çikolatalı dondurma, 30 adette farklı satış noktalarından olmak üzere açık olarak satışa sunulan (meyveli, sade ve çikolatalı dondurma) toplam 60 adet dondurma örneği toplanarak ELISA yöntemi ile analizleri yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarında tüm dondurma örneklerinde değişen konsantrasyonlarda AFM1 tespit edilmiştir. Ambalajlı dondurmalarda ortalama AFM1 düzeyi 0.045±0.019 μg/kg, açık olarak satışa sunulan dondurma örneklerinde ise AFM1 konsantrasyonu 0.030±0.006 μg/kg olarak ölçülmüştür. Analiz edilen tüm örnekler içesinden 10 örnek (%17) Türk Gıda Kodeksi’nin izin verdiği yasal sınırı (0.05 μg/kg) aştığı tespit edilmiştir. Yasal sınırı aşan örneklerin tamamı ambalajlı olup, içerik olarak meyveli grupta (0.077±0.016 μg/kg) yer almıştır. Açık olarak satışa sunulan örnekler içerisinde yasal sınırı geçen örnek tespit edilmemiş, ancak bu sınıra yakın 14 örneğin AFM1 ile kontamine olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak AFM1’e maruz kalma potansiyelinin ambalajlı olarak satılan dondurma örneklerinde daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Halk sağlığını tehdit eden kanserojen AFM1 riskinin en aza indirilmesi için, dondurmanın ham madde seçimi başta olmak üzere, üretimden depolanmaya kadar ki tüm proses aşamalarında, gerekli hijyen koşullarına uyulmalı ve düzenli denetim ve kontroller yapılmalıdır. Bu riski en aza indirmek için gerekli yeni stratejiler geliştirilmelidir. İyi tarım uygulamaları ile alınacak önlemler oluşabilecek problemleri kontrol edebilecektirÖğe Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Different Herbal Tea Combinations(Ebubekir CEYLAN, 2020) Demir, Tuğba; Ağaoğlu, SemaToday, the use of components obtained from plant extracts is rapidly increasing, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Eight different plants, which are used as winter tea and are frequently consumed among herbal teas, were selected in the study. It is aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of teas obtained from medicinal and aromatic plants such as Linden, Ginger, Cinnamon, Sage, Daisy, Turmeric, Clove and Rosehip. Five different pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were selected from common disease-causing pathogens. A total of 21 combinations were made for each plant. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibition methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity. DPPH (2,2 Difenil-1-Pikrohidrozil) method was used to determine antioxidant activity. The total phenol content and tannins content of herbal teas were also determined. The highest value among the antimicrobial activities of herbal teas (triple combination) was measured against E.faecalis (25.11 mm). The herbal combination with the highest value measured was found in the ginger+cinnamon+clove group. The highest antioxidant value was measured in this mixture (36.8 mg/mL).Öğe Antiviral Effects of Phytochemicals(Düzce Üniversitesi, 2021) Demir, Tuğba; Akpinar, ÖzlemMany scientific studies support that active phytochemicals in plants have therapeutic applications genetically and functionally against various viruses. The antiviral mechanism of these agents can be explained by many mechanisms. Their capacity to protect free radical molecules against oxidative damage, DNA inhibition, inhibition of RNA synthesis and viral growth explain the antiviral mechanism of these agents. Numerous epidemiological and experimental studies have revealed that phytochemicals have promising antiviral activities. The aim of this study is to compile research on the antiviral properties of plant extracts and phytochemicals and their effective antiviral applications.Öğe Bitkilerde Bulunan Fitokimyasalların Biyolojik Aktiviteleri(2020) Demir, Tuğba; Akpınar, ÖzlemBitkilerde ikincil metabolit olarak ortaya çıkan ve besin maddesi olarak tüketildiklerinde sağlıkaçısından yararlı etkileri olan biyoaktif bileşiklere fitokimyasallar denilmektedir. Fitokimyasallarbitkilerin kendilerine özgü olan renk, koku ve tatlarının oluşmasında etkili bir role sahiptir. Birçokkronik hastalığın tedavisinde kullanılan sentetik maddelere alternatif olarak bitki fitokimyasallarınkullanımı konusuna olan ilgi giderek arttığından yeni bir pazarın gelişmesini sağlamıştır. Bu derleme;bitkilerde bulunan fitokimyasalların biyolojik aktivitelerinden; antioksidan, antimikrobiyal,antifungal, antidiyabetik, antienflamatuar, antikanser ve antihipertansif özelliklerini kapsamaktadır.Öğe Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 Through Ingestion of Infant Formula in Türkiye(2023) Demir, Tuğba; Ağaoğlu, SemaThe objectives of the study were to determine the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) content in ınfant formula samples in Türkiye and to assess the risk of infants’ exposure to aflatoxins food contamination. A total number of 72 samples of infant formulas (premature, hipoallergenic, 0-6, 6-9,9-12 and 12-36 months) were analyzed for the presence of AFM1 using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. 49% of the samples (35 samples) were contaminated with AFM1 and the group most highly contaminated with AFM1 was infant formulas 12-36 (8 samples) months. In addition, this study aimed at evaluating AFM1 levels especially above international (European Commission) (0.025 ?g/kg) and local (Türkiye Food Codex Regulation) (0.025 ?g/kg) standards and cancer risks associated with the ingestion of infant formula sampled from Türkiye. Five samples of infant formula had AFM1 concentration above maximum allowable concentration according to the standards. Risk assessments of AFM1 for infants ranged between 0.002- 0.035 ng/kg bw/day and >100.000–5263.15 respectively for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), and Margin of Exposure (MOE). The riskiest group was determined in the 9-12 months samples. Results of our study indicate the high risk of infants’ exposure, who are at the early stage of development and vulnerable to toxic contaminants.Öğe Fitokimyasalların Antiviral Etkileri(2021) Demir, Tuğba; Akpınar, ÖzlemBitkilerdeki aktif fitokimyasalların genetik ve fonksiyonel olarak çeşitli virüslere karşı tedavi edici uygulamalara sahip olduğu birçok çalışmayla desteklenmektedir. Bu ajanların antiviral mekanizması, serbest radikal moleküllerinin oksidatif zararlarına karşı koruma kapasiteleri, DNA'nın inhibisyonu, RNA sentezi veya viral çoğalmanın engellenmesi gibi birçok mekanizma ile açıklanabilir. Çok sayıda epidemiyolojik ve deneysel çalışma, fitokimyasalların ümit verici antiviral aktivitelere sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı bitki ekstraktlarının ve fitokimyasalların antiviral özelliklerini ve etkin antiviral uygulamalarına yönelik araştırmaları derlemektir.Öğe In Vitro Antidiabetic, Antiinflammatory, Cytotoxic, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel(Sidas Medya A.S., 2019) Demir, Tuğba; Akpınar, Özlem; Kara, Haki; Güngör, HüseyinIn this study, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory and cytotoxic properties of the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel were investigated. The composition of the phenolic compounds of the pomegranate peel extract (33%, 78°C, 113 min) was determined and it was found to contain high amounts of punigalagin, caffeic acid and epicatechin. At the same time, the extract was found to have high antioxidant capacity. It showed antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger) and its highest microbial resistance was found to be against S. aureus (21 mm; 1.87 mg extract /mL). It inhibited ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase enzymes and showed the antidiabetic property. At the same time, the extract was able to inhibit xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase enzymes that were responsible for the inflammation and its cytotoxic activity on breast and bone cancer cells were also observed. It was concluded that pomegranate peel extracts could be used in food and non-food applications due to its biological activities. © 2017 The authors.Öğe Inhibitory Effect of Probiotics Lactobacillus Supernatants Against Streptococcus Mutans and Preventing Biofilm Formation(2021) Demir, Tuğba; Demir, HakanProbiotic microorganisms can release bioactive substances that can inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of pathogenic microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans. Dental caries is a multi-factorial chronic infection disease, which starts with bacterial biofilm formation caused mainly by S. mutans. This study investigated the characteristics of Lactobacillus spp. strains as an oral probiotic. Twelve Lactobacillus spp. species obtained from fermented milk and dairy products were identified. Antimicrobial activity was determined with the Minimum Inhibition Concentration against S. mutans as an oral pathogen. Biofilm formation capabilities of the identified Lactobacillus strains in supernatant and culture media were determined. In addition, their ability to ?-amylase tolerance and pH values (24h-48h) were determined. L.plantarum showed the highest antimicrobial activity compare other Lactobacillus strains. Also, L. plantarum inhibited biofilm formation.Öğe Investigation of the Nutritional and Quality Properties of Meatballs Added with Bee Pollen and Apigenin(2021) Demir, Tuğba; Ağaoğlu, SemaObjective: The present study was carried out to investigate the possibility of using different levels of bee pollen and apigenin extract in beef meatballs to evaluate shelf-life, nutritional and quality properties of beef meatball under different storage conditions. Materials and Methods: It was determined, using the HPLC method, that bee pollen contains a high level of apigenin under optimal conditions. Bee pollen and apigenin were added to meatballs at different concentrations in five groups. Meatballs were made with control, 1-2% bee pollens/apigenin. Quality and safety evaluation of meatballs were determined by sensory, physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological tests. The analyses were conducted at 1st, 3th, 7th and 14th days of interval. Results: A statistically significant decrease was found in FFA, POV and TBARS levels of meatballs on different days of storage (p<0.05). When compared to the control group, the bioactive compounds preserved the microbiological and chemical properties of meatballs during frozen storage (14 days). Conclusion: It was concluded that the extracts with high apigenin concentrations can be used as bio-preservative agents for meat and meat products.Öğe Nar (Punica granatum L.) Kabuğunun İn Vitro Antidiyabetik, Antienflamatuar, Sitotoksik, Antioksidan ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesi(2019) Demir, Tuğba; Akpınar, Özlem; Kara, Haki; Güngör, HüseyinBu çalışmada nar (Punica granatum L.) kabuğunun sağlık açısından önemli antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antidiyabetik,antienflamatuar ve sitotoksik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Nar kabukları (%33 etanol konsantrasyonu, 78°C, 113 dakika)ekstrakte edilerek fenolik bileşiklerinin kompozisyonu belirlenmiş, yüksek oranda punigalajin, kafeik asit ve epikateşiniçerdiği ve yüksek antioksidan kapasiteye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen ekstrakt aynı zamanda, seçilenmikroorganizmalara (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus veAspergillus niger) karşı antimikrobiyal etki göstermiş ve en fazla mikrobiyal direnci S. aureus’a (21 mm; 1.87 mgekstrakt/mL) karşı olduğu bulunmuştur. Ekstrakt ?-amilaz ve ?-glukozidaz enzimlerini inhibe etmiş ve antidiyabetiközellik göstermiştir. Aynı zamanda ekstraktın enflamasyondan sorumlu ksantin oksidaz ve lipoksigenaz enzimlerini deinhibe edebildiği ve meme ve kemik kanseri hücreleri üzerinde sitotoksik aktiviteye sahip olduğu da gözlenmiştir. Narkabuğu ekstraktının belirlenen biyolojik aktiviteleri ile gıda ve gıda dışı uygulamalarda kullanılabileceği sonucunavarılmıştır.Öğe Presence of Tetracycline-Group of Antibiotics in the EggsCoded According to the Cultivation Method(2021) Demir, Tuğba; Ağaoğlu, SemaIn the present study, the presence and levels of tetracycline-group antibiotics in the eggs codedaccording to the cultivation method (0-3) and those not coded were investigated. For this purpose,total 60 eggs (30 in each group) were used as sample. ELISA method and commercial test kitswere used in the analyses. According to the results of the analysis , tetracycline residuals werefound in 66.7% (n=40) of the egg samples. The level of tetracycline ranged between 2.40–83.74ppb (mean: 37.59±25.11) in all the eggs samples. Only 33.3% (n=20) were found to contain notetracycline residual. No tetracycline residue was detected in any of the organic egg samples.Tetracycline residue levels determined in egg samples were found to comply with the legal limitsstated in the European Union Commission and Turkish Food Codex Egg Communiqué.