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    Adaptation of the Problem Areas in Diabetes-Teen Scale into Turkish and examination of its psychometric properties: a validity and reliability study
    (Turkish J Pediatrics, 2024) Sari, Seda Aybuke; Agadayi, Ezgi; Celik, Nurullah; Karahan, Seher; Komurluoglu, Ayca; Doger, Esra
    Objective. Management of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is quite challenging for both adolescents and their families. In this study, we aimed to translate the 14-item Problem Areas in Diabetes-Teen (PAID-T) scale, which measures variables that influence diabetes distress, to Turkish and investigate the Turkish version's reliability and validity. Methods. One hundred and ninety-four adolescents with T1DM participated in the study. PAID-T and forms for sociodemographic and diabetes characteristics were used for data collection. The scale's content validity was checked using the Davis technique. Cronbach's alpha was used to analyze the scale's internal reliability and the testretest for the scale's reliability. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was utilized to examine the factor structure. The fit of the scale was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results. Of the participants, 54.6% (n=106) were girls. The content validity index values of the scale items ranged between 0.86 and 1.0. The PAID-T scores of girls and boys were similar. No significant difference was found between PAID-T scores with sociodemographic data and diabetes characteristics (p>0.05). The test-retest correlation coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.952. The three-factor (emotional burden, family and friend distress, and regimen-specific distress) model identified in EFA explained 61.8% of the common variance. Fit analysis was performed using CFA for the three-factor model, which did not show adequate fit (x2/df = 2.402, GFI = 0.822, CFI = 0.815, NFI = 0.727, NNFI = 0.772, RMSEA = 0.118). The Cronbach alpha value of the scale was 0.864. Conclusion. The Turkish version of the 14-item PAID-T showed moderate validity and strong reliability. Accordingly, it can be used as a reliable measurement tool to assess diabetes stress in adolescents with T1DM.
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    Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Validity and Reliability of the Parent Diabetes Distress Scale
    (Galenos Publ House, 2023) Karahan, Seher; Agadayi, Ezgi; Sari, Seda Aybuke; Celik, Nurullah; Tan, Ayca Komurluoglu; Doger, Esra
    Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish translation of the Parent Diabetes Distress Scale (PDDS). Methods: The PDDS is a 5-point Likert-type scale with 20 items. After obtaining permission from the scale developers, the study commenced. First, a systematic adaptation of the scale into the Turkish language was performed including translation, expert panel review, back translation, and pilot study. Test-retest was applied to 35 participants. After these procedures, data collection was undertaken using the adapted PDDS and a demographic data collection form. The collected data were analyzed for reliability, including stability of the scale with test-retest and internal consistency of the scale (Cronbach's alpha), and validity including construct validity of the scale with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The parents of 210 teenagers, aged >11 and <18 years, who had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus for at least one year were included. Of these parents, 71.9% (n=151) were mothers and 53.3% (n=112) of the children were girls. The Cronbach's a value was 0.906. The results of the CFA were.2/df=4.406, p<0.001, comparative fit test 0.704, and goodness of fit tests 0.749. The mean total PDDS score was 2.2 +/- 0.7. These results indicate that scores of 1.6 points or less was evaluated as little or no distress 1.7-2.4 as moderate distress, and >2.4 points as high distress. This showed that the majority of the parents in the study experienced moderate or severe diabetes-related distress. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the PDDS fulfilled the validity and reliability tests at an acceptable level.
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    The Turkish version of the problem areas in diabetes-parents of teens (P-PAID-T): Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2023) Sari, Seda Aybuke; Agadayi, Ezgi; Celik, Nurullah; Karahan, Seher; Tan, Ayca Komurluoglu; Doger, Esra
    Objective: To examine the Turkish validity and reliability of the Problem Areas in Diabetes-Parents of Teens (P PAID-T) scale and its psychometric properties for determining the parents' diabetes-related distress.Methods: The study included the parents of 200 adolescents with T1DM for at least a year. P-PAID-T and a demographic data form were used for data collection. Davis technique was used for the content validity of the scale. The scale's reliability was tested using test-retest, and its internal reliability was analyzed with Cronbach's alpha test. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to analyze the factor structure. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the fit of the scale.Results: 69.5% (n = 139) of the participants were mothers. Compared to the fathers, the mothers' mean P-PAID-T score was significantly higher. Parents of sons, who used insulin injections for their children, and had a college degree or higher education level had higher P-PAID-T scores. The test-retest correlation coefficient of the scale was 0.977. The Cronbach alpha value of the scale was 0.901. The results of confirmatory factor analysis were x2/df = 2.931, GFI = 0.736, CFI = 0.711, NFI = 0.628, NNFI = 0.660, RMSEA = 0.141.Conclusion: The Turkish version of P-PAID-T was a valid and reliable screening tool for measuring diabetes stress in parents of adolescents with T1DM. Practice implications: Nurses could use the Turkish version of P-PAID-T to monitor parental diabetes distress and organize interventions; also Turkish P-PAID-T could facilitate research on diabetes distress for parents of adolescents with T1DM.