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    Assessment of exposure to tobacco smoke: Measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide and hair nicotine
    (Turkiye Klinikleri, 2012) Doruk, Sibel; Demirtaş, Ibrahim; Akşit, Hüseyin; Erkorkmaz, Ünal; Seyfikli, Zehra
    Aim: To investigate the effect of tobacco smoke (TS) exposure on the quantity of exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) and hair nicotine (HN) and to evaluate the relationship between these values. Materials and methods: Included in the study were 96 subjects (64 male, 32 female) divided into 3 groups. The subjects in Group 1 (n = 46) were current smokers, and the subjects in Group 2 (n = 20) and Group 3 (n = 30) were nonsmokers with or without environmental TS exposure, respectively. The eCO level of all of the subjects was measured with a breath CO monitor. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used for quantification of the HN (n = 47). Results: The mean age of the subjects was 39.1 years. The mean levels of eCO were 9.3 ppm, 1.3 ppm, and 1.0 ppm and the mean HN concentrations were 20.9 ng/mg, 2.1 ng/mg, and 0.7 ng/mg in the 3 groups, respectively. There was a significant difference between Group 1 and the other groups according to the levels of eCO and HN concentrations, but the levels of eCO and HN concentrations were similar in Group 2 and Group 3. There was a positive correlation between the levels of eCO and the HN concentrations. The cutoff values of eCO and HN for smokers were 6 ppm and 4 ng/mg, respectively. Conclusion: Although nicotine analysis in some biological samples like hair is specific to TS exposure, these methods are expensive and difficult procedures. Our results suggest that instead of HN analysis, a cheap and easy method like eCO measurement may be used, but further studies with more cases are needed. © TÜBİTAK.
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    Oxidative status in the lungs associated with tobacco smoke exposure
    (WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH, 2011) Doruk, Sibel; Ozyurt, Huseyin; Inonu, Handan; Erkorkmaz, Unal; Saylan, Oguzhan; Seyfikli, Zehra
    Background: Oxidative stress has a critical role in inflammatory responce against tobacco smoke (TS). Testing exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples is one of the methods used for assessment of airway inflammation caused by TS. We aimed to investigate oxidative stress in the lungs associated with TS and to evaluate the effect of this stress with pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Methods: We included 69 subjects as three groups into the study (Group 1; 26 smokers, Group II; 21 passive smokers, Group In; 22 non-smokers without TS exposure). Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), nitrite/nitrate [index of nitric oxide (NO) production], vitamin C. superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured in EBC samples collected using a condenser and PFTs were performed. Results: The levels of MDA, 8-OHdG, SOD and GSH-Px were higher in smokers. NO levels gradually increased from Group I to Group III. MDA levels were lower in Group III than Group II. The levels of vitamin C were similar in all groups. We determined negative correlation between 8-OHdG levels and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and maximum mean expiratory flow (MMEF), and a positive correlation between SOD levels and FEV1. Conclusions: TS exposure affected the balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity of lungs. Preventing environmental TS exposure might decrease oxidative damage. Increased levels of 8-OHdG and SOD levels could be assessed as an early sign of airway damage.
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    The opinion of catering sector about the smoking ban and the evaluation of establishments
    (Ankara University, 2014) Doruk, Sibel; Çelik, Deniz; Inönü Köseo?lu, Handan; Etikan, Ilker; Çetin, Ilhan
    Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the knowledge and perspective of employees/employers in the catering sector in our city regarding the smoking ban, as well as to determine the changes in the number of customers and income after the bans implementation. Materials and Methods: In this two phased cross-sectional study 337 and 310 adults were evaluated respectively. Before the smoking ban was implemented we visited 84 workplaces in city center, after 18 months later 97 workplaces were visited in the same region. In both phases, the participants' opinions about the necessity/applicability of the ban were evaluated. In the second phase, they were also asked whether they had any changes in their income. Results: In both phases, participants' general characteristics were similar. When all participants were evaluated, we determined that their knowledge and belief in the necessity/applicability of the ban did not change over time. It was determined that non-smokers more strongly believed in the necessity/applicability of the ban. Thirty-eight participants were included in both phases; 44.7% of them reported a decrease in the number of customers, and 60% of employers reported an increase in their income. Conclusion: The smokers were less convinced about the applicability/necessity of this ban than non-smokers. According to our results it could be said that smoking can also adversely affect implementation of the related ban. Employers should be informed that the ban will not affect their income.