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    Comparison of EMG Activity in Leg Muscles between Overground and Treadmill Running
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2023) Darendeli, Abdulkerim; Ertan, Hayri; Enoka, Roger Maro
    IntroductionTreadmills have been widely used for training and performance testing during which the treadmill grade is usually set to 0%-2% grade. The purpose of our study was to compare the level of activation of lower body muscles when running at two speeds in an overground condition and on a treadmill at 0%, 1%, and 2% grades.MethodsWe recorded EMG data of eight lower body muscles from 13 recreationally active individuals during overground and treadmill running at 2.92 and 4.58 m center dot s(-1). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) tests were performed (3 x 6 s) to identify maximal torque and EMG values. The stride cycles, from one foot strike to the next, were identified using a pair of triaxial accelerometers. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to examine the differences in EMG activity across running conditions and speeds. Cohen's d effect size was calculated to indicate the difference between the overground and the treadmill running conditions.ResultsThe effect sizes were moderate to negligible for differences between the EMG integral values for overground running and the three treadmill grades. The coefficient of variation for stride time during overground running was significantly larger than that of the treadmill running at 4.58 m center dot s(-1).ConclusionsThe results showed that the overall EMG profiles of the thigh and shank muscles were similar for the overground and treadmill conditions, but the similarity was greatest for thigh muscles when running on the treadmill at 1% grade and for shank muscles at 2% grade. The variability in stride time was greater during overground running than when running on a treadmill and was associated with elevated EMG activity of some muscles.
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    Comparison of EMG activity in shank muscles between individuals with and without chronic ankle instability when running on a treadmill
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Darendeli, Abdulkerim; Ertan, Hayri; Cug, Mutlu; Wikstrom, Erik; Enoka, Roger Maro
    Changes in movement capabilities after an injury to the ankle may impose adaptations in the peripheral and central nervous system. The purpose of our study was to compare the electromyogram (EMG) profile of ankle stabilizer muscles and stride-time variation during treadmill running in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). Recreationally active individuals with (n = 12) and without (n = 15) CAI ran on a treadmill at two speeds. EMG activity of four shank muscles as well as tibial acceleration data were recorded during the running trials. EMG amplitude, timing of EMG peaks, and variation in stride-time were analyzed from 30 consecutive stride cycles. EMG data were time-normalized to stride duration and amplitude was normalized relative to the appropriate maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) task. Individuals with CAI had similar EMG amplitudes and peak timing, but an altered order of peak EMG activity in ankle stabilizer muscles, a significantly greater EMG amplitude for PL with an increase in speed, and a greater stride-time variability during treadmill running compared with individuals who had no history of ankle sprains. The results of our study indicate that individuals with CAI exhibit altered activation strategies for ankle stabilizer muscles when running on a treadmill.
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    The new wireless EEG device Mentalab Explore is a valid and reliable system for the measurement of resting state EEG spectral features
    (Elsevier, 2023) Dirik, Hasan Batuhan; Darendeli, Abdulkerim; Ertan, Hayri
    Technological advancements in neuroscience have provided many conveniences to scientists, researchers, and consumers. The emerging electroencephalography (EEG) devices are good examples for it. The objective of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of a new wireless EEG device Mentalab Explore for resting-state EEG (rsEEG) recordings in eyes open and eyes closed conditions. Twenty-three healthy subjects were recruited for the study. The subjects visited the laboratory on two occasions. On the first day, both devices were used to record rsEEG data, and after 24 h, only the Mentalab Explore was used to record rsEEG for test-retest reliability analysis. We compared the alpha peak frequency, suppression, and mean power between the two devices. Intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated for test-retest reliability analysis. Power spectral density (PSD) was calculated using Welch method. The PSD (eyes closed p < 0.0001; eyes open p = 0.01-0.0001), alpha peak frequency (p < 0.0001), and alpha suppression (p = 0.002-0.0001) from the two EEG devices as well as the test-retest results from the Mentalab device were significantly correlated. There were no significant differences in alpha peak frequency or suppression between the clinical-grade and the new devices for 01 and 02 channels in eyes-closed condition. The two measurements completed similar to 24 h apart using the Mentalab system were similar for all the variables. We showed that the consumer-grade Mentalab Explore with gel electrodes is a reliable and valid EEG recording device for rsEEG spectral features.