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Öğe Computational evaluation of Ni@B12N12 and Ti@B12N12 endohedral clusters as carriers for melphalan and sulforaphane anticancer drugs(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Gürer, Eda Sönmez; Kaya, Savas; Katin, Konstantin P.We present a density functional theory study of the reactivity of M@B12N12 (M = Ni, Ti) clusters in aqueous media and their interaction with melphalan and sulforaphane anticancer drugs. In contrast to previous studies, we obtained a strongly exothermic trapping of metal atoms inside the B12N12 cage. Analysis of the radial distribution function shows that both Ni and Ti atoms distort the cage, but this effect is stronger for titanium. Clear changes in the infrared and ultraviolet/visible spectra provide easy identification of the endohedral complex formation. The distortion of the both geometrical and electronic structures of BN cage leads to a stronger bonding of M@B12N12 to hydrogen, influencing the pH-sensitivity of the endohedral cluster. Nickel weakly changes the binding energy of the carrier to both considered drugs, while the effect of titanium on this energy is very significant. Endohedral doping offers a way for achieving application-appropriate activity and selectivity of the drug delivery system based on the M@B12N12 carrier. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Determination of Antimicrobial Activity in Commercially Available Oregano Essential Oil Samples(Nazım ŞEKEROĞLU, 2024) Kaya, İlkay; Gürer, Eda SönmezIn this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of four commercial brands of oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oil, sourced from four different vendors (pharmacy, e-commerce, herbalist, and supplier), was evaluated and compared according to their place of purchase. The research utilized standard strains, including Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853; Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579; and fungi Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida tropicalis DSM 11953. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) method. Among the four brands tested at ten different concentrations on four bacterial and two fungal strains, the thyme essential oil sourced from the pharmacy demonstrated the highest level of antimicrobial activity. Based on our experimental results, the essential oils demonstrated the strongest inhibitory activity against Candida albicans, whereas Staphylococcus aureus exhibited the highest resistance to the tested oils.. All tested concentrations of essential oil samples allowed the growth of S. aureus. These findings indicate that essential oils sold in the market and online, intended for therapeutic purposes, vary significantly in quality. Economic incentives may lead to adulteration of these oils, underscoring the importance of using plant material from the correct species and considering the geographical conditions that influence the plant’s chemical composition. The superior antimicrobial efficacy of the pharmacy-sourced thyme essential oil highlights the need to rely on trained health professionals when selecting products for health-related purposes.Öğe Determination of Cytotoxic Activity of Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot Fruit Extracts on Breast Cancer (MCF-7) and Cervical Cancer (HeLa) Cell Lines(2024) Gürer, Eda Sönmez; Altıntaş, AyhanAronia (chokeberry) fruits are consumed as fresh fruit due to their high antioxidant activity, and are also preferred among the public in the production of natural medicines. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot, a species of the Rosaceae family, contains many phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, lignans, terpenes, tocopherols, phospholipids, organic acids and high amounts of anthocyanins. In this study, it was aimed to determine the in vitro anticarcinogenic activities of A. melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot fruit extracts prepared with 6 different solvents. In the study, the cytotoxic effects of the fruits were investigated using breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), and their effects on healthy cells were investigated using human endothelial cells (HUVEC) and mouse fibroblast cells (L929) by the MTT method. As a result of the study; It was determined that the highest cytotoxicity on the breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line was observed in the ethanol extract (IC50=111.44 µg/mL) and the lowest cytotoxicity was observed in the hexane extract (IC50=661.80 µg/mL). It was determined that the highest cytotoxicity on the cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line was observed in the ethanol extract (IC50=95.14 µg/mL) and the lowest cytotoxicity was observed in the ethyl acetate extract (IC50=319.51 µg/mL). According to these values; It was determined that all extracts of Aronia fruit had cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines, selectivity index values were higher in HeLa cells, and they did not have cytotoxic effects on HUVEC and L929 healthy cell lines (IC50=411.25-663.27 µg/mL). Thus, it has been determined that the fruits of the Aronia melanocarpa species are promising in the development of new natural resources, new drugs and therapeutic agents in cancer treatment, thanks to their anticancer activities and low cytotoxicity. It is recommended that further research be conducted on the mechanisms of anticancer activity in the futureÖğe Evaluation of toxic effects of rabeprazole sodium on the plant-based eukaryotic test models(Universidad de Antioquia, 2024) Islam, Muhammad Torequl; Iriti, Marcello; Harhar, Hicham; Elouafy, Youssef; Bhuia, Md. Shimul; Chamkhi, Imane; Gürer, Eda SönmezBackground: Rabeprazole (RPZ), a widely used proton pump inhibitor, is known to have toxic effects on human beings. Objective: To evaluate the toxic effects of RPZ sodium (RPZ-Na) using plant-based eukaryotic test systems. Methods: The toxic effect of RPZ-Na (0.025-0.4 mM) was evaluated on Allium cepa, Allium sativum, and Cicer arietinum at different exposure times using CuSO4 as a reference standard. Results: RPZ-Na concentration-dependently reduced the root length of A. cepa and A. sativum, as well as the shoot and root lengths of C. arietinum. RPZ-Na at 0.1 to 0.4 µg/mL and at 48 h exposure time exerted toxic effects on the tested systems. Conclusions: RPZ-Na exerted a concentration-and time-dependent toxic effect on A. cepa, A. sativum, and C. arietinum. Therefore, it is important to take adequate precautions during its long-term use. © 2024, Universidad de Antioquia. All rights reserved.Öğe In Vitro of Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn Plant Investigation of Antimicrobial, Anticancer and Cytotoxic Activities(2022) Gürer, Eda Sönmez; Tunç, TutkuIn this study; it was aimed to investigate the anticancer and cytotoxic activities on DU-145 prostate cancer and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and WI-38 human fibroblast cell line of essential oil (Nioli) obtained from Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn. plant and its antimicrobial effects on various bacteria and yeast cells. Content analyzes of Nioli essential oil were made by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GK-KS). The antimicrobial effects of the essential oil were determined using Disk Diffusion and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) tests. Its cytotoxic effects were determined by the XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-) nitro-5)-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium- 5-carboxanilide) test; were investigated at different concentrations in breast cancer (MCF-7), prostate cancer (DU-145) and healthy human fibroblast (WI-38) cell lines. In the disc diffusion method of essential oil; It was determined that it formed an inhibition zone against Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria at 200, 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 ?g/mL concentrations, and against Candida albicans yeast at 200 and 100 ?g/mL concentrations. Nioli essential oil showed the highest antibacterial effect against Bacillus cereus. While it was moderately effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, it reached MIC values effective against other bacteria. It was observed that the anticancer activity of Nioli essential oil was more effective in DU-145 prostate cancer cells compared to MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and it had no toxicity in WI-38 healthy human fibroblast cells.Öğe In Vitro Tyrosinase and Collagenase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Potential of Smyrnium rotundifolium Mill. and Euphorbia virgata Waldst.&Kit. from Türkiye(Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 2024) Gürer, Eda Sönmez; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Baydar, Rengin; Demirel, MelekAntioxidants help prevent signs of aging and skin tone inequalities by protecting our skin from free radicals. High tyrosinase inhibition has a whitening effect on the skin, while collagenase inhibition has an anti-sagging effect on the skin. Antioxidant activity and tyrosinase/collagenase enzyme inhibition capacities have mutually supporting effects. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities, tyrosinase and collagenase inhibitory potentials of ethanol extracts of two medicinal plants from Turkey (Smyrnium rotundifolium and Euphorbia virgata). In the study, 6 different reference substances and their chemical contents were investigated. Myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol were observed in S. rotundifolium extract, and quercetin was observed in E. virgata extract. According to the antioxidant capacity results measured by both analyses; S. rotundifolium (IC50 DPPH•: 4.9±0.15 µg/mL, IC50 ABTS•+: 4.3±0.2 µg/mL) and E. virgata (IC50 DPPH•: 4.6±0.11 µg/mL, IC50 ABTS•+: 4.1±0.13 µg/mL) extracts were observed to have antioxidant capacities similar to each other. It was determined that S. rotundifolium had higher anti-collagenase (27.9±0.13% inhibition) and anti-tyrosinase (11.1±0.14% inhibition) activities compared to E. virgata extract. These results showed us that S. rotundifolium can be considered as a strong candidate for the management of epidermal hyperpigmentation and skin elasticity and deserves further study.Öğe Investigation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) Essential Oil(2022) Gürer, Eda Sönmez; Tunç, TutkuIn this study; It was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic activities and antimicrobial effects of Palmarosa essential oil obtained from Cymbopogon martinii plant. Content analyzes of Palmarosa essential oil were made by Gas Chromatopraphy-Mess Spectrometry (GS-MS). The antimicrobial effects of Palmarosa essential oil were investigated using Disk Diffusion and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) methods. Cytotoxic effects of essential oil at different concentrations in breast cancer (MCF-7), prostate cancer (DU-145) and healthy human fibroblast (WI-38) cell lines XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5) -sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) test. In the disc diffusion method of Palmarosa; against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and E. coli, it was observed that the first concentrations formed zone diameters very close to the standard. It has been determined that the antifungal effect against C. albicans is present in the first two concentrations (200-100 µg/mL). Palmarosa, in the MIC method; Showed the highest antibacterial effect against B. cereus (MIC: <1.56 µg/mL). It has reached effective MIC values against other bacteria and fungi. In our cytotoxic activity studies; The IC50 value for DU-145 cells was 3.14 ±0.126, 6.29 ±0.56 for MCF-7 and 20.06 ±1.02 for WI-38. The antitumor activity of Palmarosa essential oil was found to be more effective in DU-145 cells, but it was observed that there was no toxicity in WI-38 cell line.Öğe Lemna minor L.’ ün Sağlık ve Beslenme Alanında Kullanımına Genel Bir Bakış(2022) Gürer, Eda Sönmez; Yapar, Evren AlgınLemna minor L. olumsuz koşullara dayanıklı, hızlı büyüyen, çabuk çoğalan damarlı yüzen\rmakrofitlerden olup ülkemizde ve dünyada sulak alanlarda geniş yayılım gösteren sucul bir bitkidir.\rSu mercimeği adıyla da bilenen Lemna minor L., proteinler, karbonhidratlar ve yağlar gibi esansiyel\rbesin ögeleri yanında, insanlar için faydalı olan çeşitli ikincil metabolitleri de içermektedir. Bu\rnedenle alternatif gıda olma yönünde dikkate değer bir kaynaktır. Ayrıca geleneksel tıbbi kullanımı\ryanında, yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar ışığında günümüzde bitkisel içerikli ilaç ve kozmetik\rgeliştirmede dikkate alınmasının katma değerli ürün geliştirme ve ekonomiye kazandırma açısından\rfaydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu derlemede, Lemna minor L.’ ün sağlık ve beslenme alanında\rkullanılabilirliğine yönelik çalışmalar ve makaleler gözden geçirilerek genel bir bakış açısıyla\rsunulmuştur.Öğe Palmarosa (cymbopogon martinii) ve nioli (melaleuca viridiflora) uçucu yağlarının, antimikrobiyal, antitümör ve sitotoksik aktivitelerinin araştırılması(Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 2018) Gürer, Eda Sönmez; Tunç, TutkuBu tez çalışmasında; Cymbopogon martinii bitkisinden elde edilen Palmarosa ve Melaleuca viridiflora bitkisinden elde edilen Nioli uçucu yağlarının, MCF-7 meme kanseri ile DU 145 prostat kanseri hücre hatları üzerine antitümör, WI-38 insan fibroblast hücre hattı üzerine sitotoksik aktivitelerinin ve çeşitli bakteriler ile maya hücreleri üzerine antimikrobiyal etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Palmarosa ve Nioli uçucu yağlarının antimikrobiyal etkileri Disk Difüzyon ve Mikrodilüsyon Broth yöntemleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Antibakteriyel etki için gram-pozitif bakteri olarak Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus; gram-negatif bakteri olarak Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae; antifungal etki için Candida albicans suşları kullanılmıştır. Uçucu yağların çözeltileri MCF-7 meme kanseri ve DU-145 prostat kanseri hücre hatları üzerine antitümör aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, 200 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml, 25 µg/ml, 12,5 µg/ml, 6,25 µg/ml, 3,125 µg/ml, 1,56 µg/ml konsantrasyonlarda hazırlanmış ve XTT testi ile hücrelerin canlılığı tespit edilmiştir. Palmarosa uçucu yağının 8 farklı konsatrasyonuyla gerçekleştirilen disk difüzyon yönteminde; K. pneumoniae, S. aureus ve E. coli bakterilerine karşı ilk konsantrayonlarda pozitif kontrol olarak kullanılan antibiyotiğe çok yakın zon çapları oluşturduğu gözlenmiştir. C. albicans' a karşı antifungal etkisinin de ilk iki konsantrasyonda bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Mikrodilüsyon Broth yönteminde 10 farklı konsantrasyon kullanılmıştır (10000 µg/ml, 5000 µg/ml, 2500 µg/ml, 1250 µg/ml, 625 µg/ml, 313 µg/ml, 156 µg/ml, 78 µg/ml, 39 µg/ml, 20 µg/ml). Palmarosa, en yüksek antibakteriyel etkiyi B. cereus' a karşı göstermiştir (MİK: <20 µg/ml). S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, E.coli ve C. albicans' a karşı orta etkili, P. aeruginosa' ya karşı zayıf etkili bulunmuştur. Nioli uçucu yağının 8 farklı konsatrasyonuyla gerçekleştirilen disk difüzyon yönteminde ise; sadece K. pneumoniae bakterisine karşı orta derecede etkili bir antibakteriyel aktivite gözlenmiştir. C. albicans' a karşı antifungal etkisinin de ilk iki konsantrayonda (200 µg/ml-8 mm, 100 µg/ml-6 mm) bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Nioli uçucu yağı, sadece B. cereus bakterisine karşı orta etkili MİK değerine ulaşmıştır (MİK: 156 µg/ml). S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa ve E.coli, C. albicans' a karşı zayıf etkili bulunmuştur (>5000 µg/ml). Palmarosa uçucu yağının ilk 6 konsantrasyonunda MCF-7 hücreleri üzerine % 100 ile % 92,79 arasında değişen inhibisyon oranları tespit edilmiştir. Palmarosa, DU-145 hücreleri üzerine de oldukça yüksek etki göstermiştir. En yüksek konsantrasyonda (200 µg/ml) % 100 ün üzerinde hücre öldürme oranı bulunmuştur. En düşük konsantrasyonda (1,56 µg/ml) dahi % 75,43 olan kanser hücrelerini öldürme oranı oldukça yüksektir. Nioli uçucu yağının ilk 4 konsantrasyonunda MCF-7 hücreleri üzerine oldukça yüksek etki gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Nioli uçucu yağının ilk 6 konsantrasyonunda DU-145 hücreleri üzerine oldukça yüksek etki (% 80 ve üzeri) gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. En düşük konsantrasyonda dahi (1,56 µg/ml) % 77,14 inhibisyon göstererek oldukça yüksek bir etkiye sahiptir. Palmarosa ve Nioli uçucu yağlarıyla DU-145 ve MCF-7 hücre hatları üzerinde yapılan çalışmalarda, Palmarosa ve Nioli uçucu yağlarının özellikle DU-145 prostat kanseri hücre hattı üzerinde MCF-7 meme kanseri hücre hattına oranla daha etkili olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, Palmorosa ve Nioli uçucu yağlarının antitümör aktivitelerinin yüksek olduğu dozlarda, sağlıklı WI-38 insan fibroblast hücre hattında toksisitelerinin olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Cymbopogon martinii, Melaleuca viridiflora, Antitümör, Antimikrobiyal, Sitotoksisite, Uçucu yağ
