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    Evaluation of cognitive disengagement syndrome in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical implications
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2023) Cicek, Ayla Uzun; Ucuz, Ilknur; Isik, Cansu Mercan; Temelli, Gurkan
    Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) has been found to be associated with internalizing symptoms. Yet, no study thus far has focused on whether there is an association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and CDS. The purpose of this study is to examine the symptom frequency and clinical implications of CDS in children with OCD. The study included sixty-one children with OCD and sixty-six typically developing children. Children were evaluated by a semi-constructed diagnosis interview, Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Barkley Child Attention Scale, and Stroop test. The frequency of elevated symptoms of CDS, and total time, total error, and total correction scores of the Stroop test were significantly higher in the OCD group compared to the controls. Elevated CDS symptoms were significantly associated with higher OCD symptom prevalence and poorer performance on the Stroop Test. Moreover, poor insight, hoarding symptoms, mental compulsions, and ADHD comorbidity were significantly higher in those with elevated CDS symptoms than in those without CDS in the OCD group. The findings of this study provide clinical implications that CDS symptoms may contribute to deficits in attentional orientation, conceptual flexibility, and cognitive processing speed in OCD.
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    Investigation of Association Between Expression of DYX1C1, KIAA0319, and ROBO1 Genes and Specific Learning Disorder in Children and Adolescents
    (Springernature, 2024) Bayyurt, Burcu; Sahin, Nil Ozbilum; Isik, Cansu Mercan
    Specific learning disorder (SLD) is prevalent worldwide and is a complex disorder with variable symptoms and significant differences among individuals. Epigenetic markers may alter susceptibility to neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Aberrant expression of protein-coding (mRNA) genes in this pathology shows that the detection of epigenetic molecular biomarkers is of increasing importance in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with SLD. We compared gene expression level of dyslexia susceptibility 1 candidate gene 1 (DYX1C1), dyslexia-associated protein KIAA0319 (KIAA0319), and roundabout guidance receptor 1 (ROBO1) between children with SLD and healthy children by performing quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, we evaluated these gene expressions of severe children with SLD compared to non-severe and male SLD children compared to females. The expression of the DYX1C1, KIAA0319, and ROBO1 genes was statistically significantly upregulated in children with SLD (P < 0.05*). DYX1C1 was also upregulated in severe SLD children (P = 0.03*). In addition, KIAA0319 and ROBO1 genes were differentially expressed in male SLD children compared to females (P < 0.05*). Furthermore, we found that DYX1C1 and ROBO1 genes significantly affect the likelihood of the SLD (respectively, P < 0.001** and P = 0.007*). We expect that the findings provided from this study may contribute to the determination expression level of the relevant genes in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of SLD. In addition, our findings could be a guide for future epigenetics studies on the use of the DYX1C1, KIAA0319, and ROBO1 in therapeutic applications in the SLD.
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    Prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity and related variables in children with specific learning disabilities
    (Cukurova Univ, Fac Medicine, 2024) Akkus, Serdar; Cicek, Ayla Uzun; Ucuz, Ilknur; Isik, Cansu Mercan
    Purpose: Psychiatric comorbidity is more common in specific learning disabilities (SLDs) than in the general population. It is extremely common. Psychiatric disorders associated with SLD cause more cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties, further impair functionality and worsen prognosis. This study aimed to examine the frequency of psychiatric comorbidity and the sociodemographic characteristics and clinical variables associated with comorbidity in children with SLD. Materials and Methods: This study included 226 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years who were diagnosed with specific learning disabilities and who applied to our outpatient clinic between March 2021 and August 2021. A battery of tests was administered to all participants, including the Reading Test, Writing Test, Mathematics Test, Clock Drawing Test, Head Right-Left Discrimination Test, and Bender Gestalt Visual-Motor Perception Test. In addition, the Kent-EGY Test-Porteus Maze Test (PMT) or the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) were administered. A semi-structured diagnostic interview was conducted with the participants and their parents to investigate the presence of any psychopathology in the past and present (Turkish version of the Turkish version of the Schedule for the Interview for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (DSM-5-K-SADSPL-DSM-5-T) was applied. Results: There was at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder in 81.4% of the participants. The most common comorbid disorder was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, with a frequency of 73.5%. Other common disorders were disruptive behavior disorders, elimination disorders, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, and tobacco use disorders. Severe types of SLD were more common in those with psychiatric comorbidities, and the mean age was significantly higher than in those without. Conclusion: Being aware of the psychiatric comorbidity that children with SLD are called to face is essential for drawing up proper standards of assessment, hence ensuring these children have personalized psychiatric care and enhancing their quality of life.
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    The Effect of Methylphenidate Treatment on Olfactory Function in Children and Adolescents With ADHD
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2023) Isik, Cansu Mercan; Cicek, Ayla Uzun; Altuntas, Emine Elif; Bora, Adem; Sari, Seda Aybuke; Akkus, Serdar
    Objective: This study aimed to research whether there is an olfactory disorder in ADHD, and if so, what is the effect of methylphenidate on this condition. Method: This is a cross-sectional study aiming to evaluate olfactory threshold, identification, discrimination and threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) scores in 109 children and adolescents, 33 of whom have ADHD without medication, 29 with ADHD with medication and 47 control groups. Result: In the post hoc tests, the mean odor discrimination test, the mean odor identification test, and the mean TDI scores of the unmedicated ADHD group were significantly lower than those of the other two groups, and that the mean odor threshold test scores of the medicated ADHD group were significantly lower than those of the control and unmedicated groups. Conclusion: Olfactory function could be a useful tool to monitor treatment effects and may be a promising candidate as a biomarker in ADHD.
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    The MNK-SYNGAP1 axis in specific learning disorder: gene expression pattern and new perspectives
    (Springer, 2025) Isik, Cansu Mercan; Bayyurt, Elif Burcu Tuzemen; Sahin, Nil Ozbilum
    Specific learning disorder (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that significantly affects children's academic performance. This study aimed to investigate the expression levels of the MAP Kinase Interacting Serine/Threonine Kinase 1-2 (MNK1, MNK2), Synaptic Ras GTPase Activating Protein 1 (SYNGAP1) genes, and the long non-coding RNA Synaptic Ras GTPase Activating Protein 1-Anti Sense1 (SYNGAP1-AS1), which are believed to play a key role in neurodevelopmental pathways, in children with SLD. Understanding the role of these genes in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying SLD. This study included 38 children diagnosed with SLD and 35 healthy controls aged 6 to 16. RNA was isolated from blood samples, and gene expression levels were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The statistical analysis was conducted to compare the expression levels between the SLD and control groups and within SLD subgroups based on severity and sex. MNK1 and SYNGAP1 expression levels were significantly upregulated in the SLD group compared to the control group (8.33-fold and 16.52-fold increase, respectively; p < 0.001). lncSYNGAP1-AS1 showed a 26.58-fold increase, while MNK2 was downregulated by 2.2-fold, although these changes were not statistically significant. No significant differences were observed between sexes or between the severity subgroups of SLD. Conclusion: he upregulation of MNK1 and SYNGAP1 in children with SLD suggests their involvement in the neurodevelopmental pathways associated with cognitive processes such as learning and memory. These findings provide a foundation for future research into the molecular basis and potential therapeutic targets of SLD.
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    The relationship between chronotype characteristics and fear of missing out, phubbing, sleep quality and social jetlag in medical students
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Isik, Cansu Mercan; Ozturk, Masum
    Chronotype is the temporal behavior of an organism. Social jetlag, fear of missing out (FoMO), and phubbing have received increasing attention recently and are closely related to sleep quality. This study aimed to explore the relationship between chronotype and these factors and their effects on sleep quality among medical students. The FoMO scale, phubbing behavior assessment scale, morning-evening questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, social jetlag questionnaire, and online sociodemographic data form were filled out by 537 students participating in the study. The average age of participants was 21.34 +/- 1.38 years; 43.2% were male, and 56.8% were female. The majority (66.7%) had an intermediate chronotype, 20.9% an evening type, and 12.5% a morning type. Evening chronotypes exhibited the highest levels of social jetlag, daily internet/phone use, and the poorest sleep quality and daily functioning. Women reported significantly higher levels of FoMO (p < 0.001), phubbing (p = 0.020), and daytime dysfunction (p = 0.005). Multiple regression analysis showed poor sleep quality was associated with high FoMO, high phubbing, high levels of social jetlag, and evening chronotype. Additionally, daytime dysfunction was associated with female gender, poor sleep quality, high FoMO, and high levels of phubbing (p < 0.001, F = 16.128, R-2 = 0.221). These results suggest that individuals with an evening type may be susceptible to social interaction, social media use, and sleep patterns, which may negatively affect sleep quality. It has also been determined that females may be at greater risk for FoMO and phubbing. Evaluation of individuals' chronotypes will be an essential step in treating behavioral addictions such as social media, screen, and smartphone addiction.
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    Unveiling cognitive disengagement syndrome: A hidden challenge in children with epilepsy
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2025) Isik, Cansu Mercan; Cebeci, Dilek
    Background: In our study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with epilepsy and to identify the associated factors. Method: The study included 62 patients with epilepsy aged 6-18 and 51 healthy controls. Sociodemographic data, epilepsy characteristics, and medication usage were collected. Psychiatric evaluations used various structured interviews and scales. Results: The mean ages for patients and controls were 9.7 and 9.9 years, respectively. CDS was present in 76 % of patients with epilepsy compared to 26 % of controls (p < 0.01). Patients with epilepsy scored higher on Barkley Child Attention Scale (BCAS) and Turgay DSM-IV Disruptive Behavior Disorders Symptom Screening Scale (T-DSM-IV-S). CDS prevalence was higher in patients without seizure control and those over age 12. Linear regressions demonstrated that age predicted BCAS-sluggish scores (R-2: 0.284, p < 0.001) and T-DSM-IV-S hyperactivity scores (R-2: 0.065, p: 0.023). The number of antiseizure medications (R-2: 0.065, p: 0.023) and the duration of antiseizure medication usage (R-2: 0.079, p: 0.014) predicted T-DSM-IV-S oppositional scores. Conclusion: Our study is the first study in this field. Our study findings highlight the need for further research to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CDS in epilepsy and to develop targeted interventions.