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    Evaluation of toxic effects of rabeprazole sodium on the plant-based eukaryotic test models
    (Universidad de Antioquia, 2024) Islam, Muhammad Torequl; Iriti, Marcello; Harhar, Hicham; Elouafy, Youssef; Bhuia, Md. Shimul; Chamkhi, Imane; Gürer, Eda Sönmez
    Background: Rabeprazole (RPZ), a widely used proton pump inhibitor, is known to have toxic effects on human beings. Objective: To evaluate the toxic effects of RPZ sodium (RPZ-Na) using plant-based eukaryotic test systems. Methods: The toxic effect of RPZ-Na (0.025-0.4 mM) was evaluated on Allium cepa, Allium sativum, and Cicer arietinum at different exposure times using CuSO4 as a reference standard. Results: RPZ-Na concentration-dependently reduced the root length of A. cepa and A. sativum, as well as the shoot and root lengths of C. arietinum. RPZ-Na at 0.1 to 0.4 µg/mL and at 48 h exposure time exerted toxic effects on the tested systems. Conclusions: RPZ-Na exerted a concentration-and time-dependent toxic effect on A. cepa, A. sativum, and C. arietinum. Therefore, it is important to take adequate precautions during its long-term use. © 2024, Universidad de Antioquia. All rights reserved.
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    In Silico Screening of Natural Products as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Using Molecular Docking Simulation
    (Springer, 2022) Hossain, Rajib; Sarkar, Chandan; Hassan, Shardar Mohammad Hafiz; Khan, Rasel Ahmed; Arman, Mohammad; Ray, Pranta; Islam, Muhammad Torequl
    Objective To explore potential natural products against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) via the study of structural and non-structural proteins of human coronaviruses. Methods In this study, we performed an in-silico survey of 25 potential natural compounds acting against SARS-CoV-2. Molecular docking studies were carried out using compounds against 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL(PRO)), papain-like protease (PLPRO), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), non-structural protein (nsp), human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor (hACE2R), spike glycoprotein (S protein), abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (ABL1), calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and transmembrane protease serine 2. Results Among the screened compounds, amentoflavone showed the best binding affinity with the 3CL(PRO), RdRp, nsp13, nsp15, hACE2R. ABL1 and calcineurin-NFAT; berbamine with hACE2R and ABL1; cepharanthine with nsp10, nsp14, nsp16, S protein and ABL1; glucogallin with nsp15; and papyriflavonol A with PLPRO protein. Other good interacting compounds were juglanin, betulinic acid, betulonic acid, broussooflavan A, tomentin A, B and E, 7-methoxycryptopleurine, aloe emodin, quercetin, tanshinone I, tylophorine and furruginol, which also showed excellent binding affinity towards a number of target proteins. Most of these compounds showed better binding affinities towards the target proteins than the standard drugs used in this study. Conclusion Natural products or their derivatives may be one of the potential targets to fight against SARS-CoV-2.
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    POSSIBLE MUTATION PATHWAYS IN SARS-CoV-2
    (Soc Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania, 2021) Islam, Muhammad Torequl; Quispe, Cristina; Herrera-Bravo, Jesus; Khan, Ishaq N.; Bawazeer, Saud Salem; Kumar, Manoj; Cruz-Martins, Natalia
    Mutations are the best way to generate genetic variation, as they provide the raw material in which evolutionary forces, like natural selection, can act. However, mutations are not always able to change the apparent behaviour of an organism, instead, they are capable of providing normal and abnormal biological functions. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a new and controversial biological scenario. Despite the hundreds of studies performed, to date, there is no specific treatment available. Several genomic and non-genomic mutations have been also reported, and due to its high genome size and mutation capacity, it can acclimatize to variable environments and has become the leading cause of high infection and mortality rates. This review outlines the possible pathways behind SARS-CoV-2 mutations.