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Öğe Assessment of ecotourism potentiality based on GIS-based fuzzy logarithm methodology of additive weights (F-LMAW) method for sustainable natural resource management(Springer, 2024) Karakus, Can BulentEcotourism, as a distinctive facet of tourism and a prospective sector for sustainable development, plays a pivotal role in the preservation and sustainability of natural resources. This study's objective is to spatially assess land suitability for ecotourism activities within Sivas province (T & uuml;rkiye) by integrating GIS with the newly introduced MCDA method, Fuzzy Logarithm Methodology of Additive Weights (F-LMAW). In this study, we employed 24 criteria, drawn from literature and local knowledge, to identify suitable areas in terms of ecotourism potential. These criteria underwent reclassification to emphasize their significance in shaping ecotourism potential. Subsequently, the criteria were weighted with the help of the Fuzzy-LMAW method and these criteria were ranked according to their importance in creating ecotourism potential. The Ecotourism Potentiality Index (EPI) was computed using the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method, which formed the basis for ecotourism potential mapping. A sensitivity analysis was performed to validate the results. According to the EPI values; the ecotourism potential of the study area was identified as highly suitable (13.32%), suitable (27.44%), moderately suitable (35.01%), barely suitable (19.55%) and not suitable at all (4.69%). The areas most conducive to ecotourism potential are concentrated in the Hafik and Zara districts, while less suitable areas are observed in the Su & scedil;ehri, Ak & imath;nc & imath;lar, and G & ouml;lova districts. The results of the sensitivity analysis conducted to test the robustness and validity of the proposed methodology have demonstrated that the suggested integrated MCDA framework is valid and applicable.Öğe Assessment of relationship between land use/cover and surface water quality trends within the riparian zone: a case study from Sivas, Turkey(Desalination Publ, 2020) Karakus, Can BulentIn this study; the effects of land use/land cover (LULC) changes, soil type and slope characteristics on surface water quality trends were evaluated for rainy and dry periods based on the riverside boundary zone concept. The Mann-Kendall test demonstrated the degree and importance of tendencies in all water quality parameters for each riparian area between 2008-2015 and 1999-2015. The LULC changes (between 1999 and 2015), soil types and slope characteristics were demonstrated by geographical information system and remote sensing methods. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationships between the variables of water quality parameters with LULC, soil types, and slope. Results show that urban and agricultural areas have a negative impact on water quality and vegetation cover areas play an important role in improving water quality. Negative correlations were found between bare areas and all parameters. LULC changes negatively affected water quality, especially in terms of NH4, NO3, total dissolved solids and total phosphorus parameters. Alluvial soils and 0%-2% slope group also negatively affected the water quality. This study demonstrated the spatial-temporal distribution of surface water quality across the watershed and emphasized the importance of the riparian area in determining the variables affecting water quality.Öğe Determination of land use/cover changes and land use potentials of Sivas city and its surroundings using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS)(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2015) Karakus, Can Bulent; Cerit, Orhan; Kayak, Kaan Sevki; Drusa, M; Marschalko, M; Yilmaz, I; Segallini, A; Ferrero, AM; Bednarik, MLand cover/use change information is a very important and useful source for planners in land use studies. Moreover, determination of land use potential by considering capability of the land and other characteristics provides an important data source for regional planning studies. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are widely used for this purpose. This study aims to determine land use/cover changes in the Sivas city and its surroundings using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, and to create the land use potential map that shows the optimal land usage of the study area. Landsat satellite images from 1987 and 2002 were used to determine the changes and to follow the development of residential areas in the Sivas city. By revealing the existing environmental characteristics of the study area (topography, geology, soil, climate, hydrology), optimal land usage (settlement, agriculture, forest and meadow-range) was determined according to the data. The land use potential map of the study area was created using suitability maps for the optimal land usages. By assessing the land use/cover change information and optimal land usage together, it was determined that the city was developed in the northeast, south and southwest direction. The settlements were founded on the most appropriate areas from the agricultural point. As a result, suggestions for the appropriate land use in the Sivas city and surroundings were made for the future. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.Öğe Estimation of irrigation water quality index with development of an optimum model: a case study(Springer, 2020) Yildiz, Sayiter; Karakus, Can BulentSurface water quality parameters are important means for determination of water's suitability for irrigation. In this research, data from 32 irrigation stations were used to calculate the sodium adsorption rate (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Kelly index (KI), permeability index (PI) and irrigation water quality index (IWQI) for evaluation of surface water quality. The obtained SAR, KI and Na% values, respectively, varied between 0.10 and 9.43, 0.03-1.37 meq/l and 3.16-57.82%. The calculated PI values indicate that, 93.75% of the water samples is in suitable category, and 6.25% is in non-suitable category. The IWQI values obtained from the research area varied between 30.59 and 81.09. In terms of irrigation water quality, 12.5% of the samples is of good quality, 15.62% is of poor quality, 68.75% is of very poor quality, and 3.12% is of non-suitable quality. Accordingly, IWQI value was estimated on the basis of SAR, Na%, KI and PI values using multiple regression and artificial neural network (ANN) model. The regression coefficient (R-2) was determined as 0.6 in multiple regression analysis, and a moderately significant relationship (p < 0.05) was detected. As the calculated F value was higher than the tabulated F value, a real relationship between the dependent and independent variables is inferred. Four different models were built with ANN, and the statistical performance of the models was determined using statistical parameters such as average value (mu), standard error (SE), standard deviation (sigma), R-2, root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The training R-2 value belonging to the best model was found to be significantly high (0.99). The relation between the estimation results of ANN model and the experimental data (R-2 = 0.92) verifies the model's success. As a result, ANN proved to be a successful means for IWQI estimation using different water quality parameters.Öğe Evaluation for Irrigation Water Purposes of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Sivas City Centre (Turkey) by Using Gis and an Irrigation Water Quality Index(Wiley, 2020) Karakus, Can Bulent; Yildiz, SayiterIn this study, the physical and chemical characteristics of wet and dry season groundwater quality parameters of 35 wells within the provincial boundaries of Sivas were used for calculations such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Kelly's ratio (KR), sodium percentage (Na%), permeability index (PI), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and magnesium hazard (MH), which are used in irrigation water quality ratings. Also, the irrigation water quality index (IWQI) was calculated for all groundwater sources within the study area. Groundwater quality parameters and the spatial distribution of the parameters calculated throughout the study were mapped using GIS, and irrigation water quality evaluation was performed in accordance with USA Salinity Laboratory diagram and irrigation water quality standards. The correlations between the irrigation water quality parameters were determined using Pearson correlation analysis. IWQI values showed that the majority of groundwater samples (45.7%) are in the 'weak' (MR: medium rating) category for the dry season, whereas 42.9% of groundwater samples fall within the 'very weak' (HR: high restriction) category for the wet season. (c) 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Öğe Evaluation of GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making methods for sanitary landfill site selection: the case of Sivas city, Turkey(Springer, 2020) Karakus, Can Bulent; Demiroglu, Demet; Coban, Aysen; Ulutas, AlptekinLandfill is the most common method used to eliminate municipal solid waste in developing countries. As in all developing residential units, Sivas city is also encountering a major solid waste problem menacing both public health and environment. This study analyzes the 7 criteria (geological structure, land ability class, transportation, groundwater, surface water, residential areas, and existing land use) utilized for solid waste landfill area preference reasons by employing some Geographical Information System (GIS) based, multi-criteria decision-making methods such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). Evaluation of alternative areas defined by AHP and SAW methods is conducted with the help of Combinative Distance-Based Assessment (CODAS). The study area was classified as most suitable, suitable, averagely suitable, too little suitable and not suitable in terms of their sanitary landfill properties. According to AHP and SAW analyses results, it was determined that a large part of the study area (respectively, 46.82% and 27.81%) is within the category of averagely suitable. After the application based on GIS oriented multi-criteria decision-making analysis, 4 alternative places as solid waste disposal areas were recommended by taking environmental and physical factors into consideration. AHP-CODAS and SAW-CODAS methods were mutually utilized to rank these 4 areas according to their suitability. As a result, Area1 in integrated weights (AHP and SAW)-CODAS was selected as the most appropriate place for sanitary permanent landfill.Öğe Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality by Data Envelopment Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process-Based Water Quality Indices: the Case of Aksaray City, Turkey(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2020) Kavurmaci, Murat; Karakus, Can BulentIn this study, two water quality indices (AHP-IWQI and DEA-IWQI) based on Data Envelopment Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process have been produced in order to evaluate the water quality of surface waters used in agricultural irrigation. Depending on the efficiency scores of indices, two different water quality classification systems, which are composed of four suitability categories, have been defined. The 10 different alternatives and a total of 13 sub-criteria classified under 3 main criteria groups were used in the establishment of a hierarchical structure. For the sub-criteria, efficiency scores for electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio having the highest efficiency score were calculated as 0.214 and 0.148, respectively. The results obtained from the indexes were compared with the results of the United States Salinity Laboratory and Wilcox diagrams. The comparative results of the predictions by AHP- and DEA-based indexes show that the accuracy ratio of the DEA-IWQI is higher than of the AHP-IWQI.Öğe Evaluation of water quality of Kizilirmak River (Sivas/Turkey) using geo-statistical and multivariable statistical approaches(Springer, 2020) Karakus, Can BulentGroundwater and surface water qualities are evaluated using geographic information system (GIS)-based geo-statistical and multivariable statistical methods. This research aims to investigate the water quality of Kizilirmak River, that remain within the provincial boundaries of Sivas, using geo-statistical and multivariable statistical methods, and to provide the water quality map of Kizilirmak River. In this regard, surface water samples from 28 surface water quality monitoring stations were analysed for wet and dry seasons. The hydro-chemical properties of surface water quality were determined, and the water quality index was evaluated for each station. Spherical, exponential and Gaussian models were determined as the best semi-variogram models according to the minimum root mean square error values and the cross-validation method. The final water surface quality map of Kizilirmak River was obtained by weighted superposition of the spatial distribution maps of the surface water quality parameters which were obtained by the geo-statistical method. The correlations between the surface water quality parameters were determined using multivariable statistical analysis methods such as correlation analysis and factor analysis (principal component analysis). The surface water quality in the study area was categorized as excellent, good, poor and very poor. The water quality of Kizilirmak River's portion near Sivas city centre and in the South of the province did not meet the standards for drinking water purposes. This research provides the surface water quality map of the study area by use of GIS-based statistical methods.Öğe Groundwater potential assessment based on GIS-based Best-Worst Method (BWM) and Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) Method(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Karakus, Can BulentIn this study, the most suitable areas in terms of groundwater potential within the borders of the adjacent area of Sivas Municipality (Sivas/Turkey) were determined with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Best-Worst Method (BWM) and Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) methods. Slope, drainage density, Topographic Position Index (TPI), lineament density, lithology, soil types, land use, geomorphology, and rainfall criteria were selected to determine groundwater potential areas. These criteria were weighted with the help of BWM, SWARA, and BWM-SWARA methods and the Groundwater Potential Index (GPI) was calculated according to the weighted linear combination method. According to the calculated GPI values, the groundwater potential of the study area was represented as excellent, very good, good, moderately good, low, and very low. According to all three methods, areas in the excellent class constituted 10.99%, 8.40%, and 11.16% of the study area, respectively, while areas in the very low class covered 8.33%, 7.98%, and 9.04% of the study area, respectively. The linear correlation coefficient (R-2) values of the BWM, SWARA, and BWM-SWARA methods were calculated as 0.80, 0.82, and 0.75, respectively, while the area under the curve (AUC) values were determined as 0.83, 0.79, and 0.81, respectively. These results showed that the accuracy of the model was very good overall. As a result, groundwater potential mapping created for the study area will contribute to better development of groundwater resources and water management planning.Öğe Index-based evaluation of the relationship between bioclimatic comfort levels and air quality levels of particles and sulfur dioxide in Sanliurfa Province (Turkey)(Springer, 2022) Dogan, Tuba Rastgeldi; Karakus, Can Bulent; Aksoy, Ibrahim EtemThe aim of this study is (i) to reveal the bioclimatic comfort zones depending on the Discomfort Index (DI) in Sanliurfa province with the help of geographic information system (GIS), and (ii) to determine the relationship between bioclimatic comfort levels and Air Quality Index (AQI) levels in the Sanliurfa city. For all analyzes made in the study, annual and monthly average values of meteorological (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed) and air pollutant parameters (for PM10 and SO2) between the years 2006-2021 were used. In this context, meteorological parameters, air pollutant parameters, temporal changes of DI and AQI (for PM10 and SO2) parameters were determined by Mann-Kendal (MK) trend analysis and the relationships between all these parameters were determined by Pearson correlation analysis. The most suitable (21 <= DI < 24) months in terms of bioclimatic comfort in Sanliurfa province were June and September. In the Sanliurfa city, annual and monthly average AQI(PM10) values were generally in the good and moderate class, while AQI(SO2) values were in the good class in all years and all months. While the annual average temperature values showed a statistically significant increase, the annual average wind speed and PM10 and AQI(PM10) values showed a statistically significant decrease. There was a negative weak correlation (r = - 0.028) between DI and AQI(PM10), and a positive moderate correlation between DI and AQI(SO2) (r = 0.449; p < 0.05). In addition, correlations between DI, PM10, and SO2 were significant at the p < 0.05 level.Öğe Location selection for logistics center with fuzzy SWARA and CoCoSo methods(Ios Press, 2020) Ulutas, Alptekin; Karakus, Can Bulent; Topal, AyseLogistics centers are home to many and varied facilities, such as storage, transportation of goods, handling, reassembling, clearing, disassembling, quality control, social services and providing accommodation, so on. Providing logistical activities from one location can provide some macro advantages, as well as regional development in developing countries. For the micro level, logistics center selection has an effective role in increasing the operational efficiency and decreasing the costs of the firms. While the wrong location selection for logistics center affects the operations and costs of the companies negatively, the optimal location selection increases the performance, competitiveness, profitability of the firms and reduces the costs of the firms. Since many different qualitative and quantitative criteria are considered in the selection of the logistics center, this selection problem is an MCDM problem. A new integrated MCDM model is proposed to solve this problem for Sivas province in Turkey. This study presents two contributions to the literature. Firstly, the number of studies related to CoCoSo method is limited in the literature, therefore, the CoCoSo method is proposed in this study. Secondly, a new integrated GIS-based MCDM model comprising fuzzy SWARA and CoCoSo is introduced to literature to address the location selection problem for a logistics center. In this study, the results of CoCoSo method and the resulfts of other MCDM methods (COPRAS, VIKOR, ARAS, MOORA, and MABAC) are compared to test the accuracy of results obtained by CoCoSo. Besides, the criteria weights are changed and the possible changes in the results are tracked.Öğe Suitability of Water Quality for Irrigation Purposes Using GIS-Based Irrigation Water Quality Index(Wiley, 2025) Simsir, Mehmet; Yildiz, Sayiter; Karakus, Can Bulent; Ozbek, Dilara UlgerIn this study, surface water quality was assessed on the basis of irrigation water quality indices and the irrigation water quality index (IWQI) via GIS. The study was carried out on the basis of analyses of samples collected in August (dry) and November (wet) 2023 from 12 designated points along the Y & imath;ld & imath;z River in Sivas. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Kelly index (KI), sodium percentage (Na%), permeability index (PI), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH) indices and IWQI were calculated to determine the classification of irrigation water quality. Additionally, analyses of Ca2+, Cl-, Fe2+, K+, HCO3-, Mg2+, Mn, Na+, pH and SO42- were conducted on the samples. The spatial distributions of the calculated parameters were mapped via GIS, and irrigation water quality assessment was performed according to the US Salinity Diagram and irrigation water quality standards. The IWQI values ranged from 401 to 61 during the rainy season and from 42 to 67 during the dry season. In the rainy season, two surface water samples were classified as 'poor (MR: moderate restriction, IWQI: 55-70)' and nine as 'very poor (HR: high restriction, IWQI: 40-55)'. In the dry season, three surface water samples were classified as 'poor (MR: moderate restriction)' and nine as 'very poor (HR: high restriction)'. According to the US Salinity Diagram, the majority of surface water samples in both the rainy and dry seasons fell into categories C3S1 (high-salinity hazard-low-sodium hazard) and C2S1 (medium-salinity hazard-low-sodium hazard), respectively. The results highlight the effectiveness of these methodologies in evaluating surface water quality, assisting in the development of informed management strategies for sustainable water resource use in agricultural environments. The IWQI has proven to be a good tool for assessing the quality of irrigation water in the study area and managing water quality and can help decision makers manage water resources more effectively for sustainable agriculture.Öğe Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity of novel modified poly[(maleic anhydride)-co-(vinyl acetate)]/noradrenaline conjugate(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2013) Karakus, Gulderen; Polat, Zubeyde Akin; Yenidunya, Ali Fazil; Zengin, Haci Bayram; Karakus, Can BulentPoly[(maleic anhydride)-co-(vinyl acetate)] (MAVA) copolymer was synthesized by free radical polymerization reaction, in methyl ethyl ketone at 80 degrees C, using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The copolymer was then modified with a biomolecule, noradrenaline (NA). The modification reaction was performed at 70 degrees C in dimethylformamide containing triethylamine as the catalyst. The modified polymer was named MAVA/NA. Structural characterization of the copolymer and the modified product was carried out by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra confirmed that NA was successfully covalently bound to the MAVA copolymer backbone. Surface morphology was visualized by atomic force microscopy. The cumulative release of NA from MAVA/NA was determined in phosphate buffered saline solution for 7 days at 37 degrees C and compared with MAVA. Cytotoxicity of the MAVA/NA was evaluated by using a mouse fibroblast cell line (L929). Results obtained indicated that MAVA/NA had almost no toxicity and no negative effect on cell viability at 250 mu g mL1 concentration. (c) 2012 Society of Chemical IndustryÖğe The Impact of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Changes on Land Surface Temperature in Sivas City Center and Its Surroundings and Assessment of Urban Heat Island(Korean Meteorological Soc, 2019) Karakus, Can BulentDetermination of LULC (land use/land cover) changes in urban planning studies is very important. However, LST (land surface temperature) and UHI (urban heat island) directly associated with LU changes are the parameters that should be considered in similar studies. Therefore, Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are commonly used for obtaining this kind of information. In this study, the relationship between LULC, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and LST in Sivas city center and its surroundings was studied by using Landsat satellite images from 1989 to 2015 and UHI intensity was also demonstrated. The results clearly show that the urban built-up areas and agricultural lands increased while barren land decreased over the study period. The changes in LST can be monitored depending on the construction materials such as the presence of green areas, the city's unique geographical location and topography. Urban built-up and bare lands have the highest LST and the urban built-up surface temperature showed a fluctuating trend while the rural area temperature showed a tendency to decrease. The urban built-up areas increased, a positive UHI intensity was observed and also an urban heat island formation was determined.
