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    Antioxidant enzyme activities, molecular docking studies, MM-GBSA, and molecular dynamic of chlorpyrifos in freshwater fish Capoeta umbla
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Taysi, Mehmet Resit; Kirici, Muammer; Kirici, Mahinur; Tuzun, Burak; Poustforoosh, Alireza
    Chlorpyrifos (CPF), which was started to be used in 1965, is a broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide that is used more and more day by day. Commonly used to control pests in farmland and homes, CPF is more toxic to fish than organochlorine compounds. CPF poses a serious threat to the health of humans and aquatic organisms. This paper studies the relationship between CPF exposure and antioxidant enzyme activities in gill, kidney and liver tissues of Capoeta umbla. Different time intervals (12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) and CPF doses (55 and 110 mu g L-1) were used in the study. Spectrophotometrical measures were taken in all tissues for antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as indices of the lipid peroxidation (LPO). A positive relationship between CPF and MDA levels was found in the study at a statistically significant level (p < 0.05). The study also found a negative relationship between CPF levels and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Independent variables in the study can act as biomarkers of CPF exposure. The study recommends employing proper ecotoxicological risk evaluations in cases of CPF usage as a pesticide. The activities of the studied molecules against various proteins that are crystal structure of human peroxiredoxin 5 (PDB ID: 1HD2) has docking score value is -2.67, crystal structure of Bovine Xanthine Oxidase (PDB ID: 3NRZ) has docking score value is -3.76, and crystal structure of antibacterial FabH (PDB ID: 4Z8D) has docking score value is -3.16, were compared. Molecular dynamic (MD) calculations were made in 100 ns. MM/GBSA methods are calculated binding free energy. Afterwards, ADME/T analysis was performed to examine the some properties of the molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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    The impact of some metals, molecular docking and molecular dynamic calculations on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) tissue
    (Elsevier, 2024) Kirici, Muammer; Tuzun, Burak; Kirici, Mahinur; Atamanalp, Muhammed; Poustforoosh, Alireza; Beydemir, Sukru; Taysi, Mehmet Resit
    The first enzyme of the pentose phosphate metabolic pathway is glucose 6 -phosphate dehydrogenase (d -glucose6 -phosphate: NADP + oxidoreductase EC1.1.1.49; G6PD). G6PD has essential functions such as membrane lipid synthesis, ribose 5 -phosphate, and NADPH production. In this study, the G6PD enzyme was purified from kidney, liver, and gill tissues of Capoeta trutta, one of the dominant fish species in the Euphrates -Tigris River System, and the in vitro effects of some metals (Ag+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+) on the enzyme activity were investigated. For this purpose, firstly, the G6PD enzyme was purified from tissues using a 2 ', 5 '-ADP Sepharose 4B affinity column. The purity of the enzyme was checked by the SDS-PAGE method and a single band was seen in the gel. After the purity of the enzyme was determined, the effects of metals on the enzyme activity were determined using the spectrophotometric method. As a result of the study, it was determined that the Ag+ ion was the most potent inhibitor for C. trutta gill, kidney, and liver G6PD enzymes. Lastly, calculations were made to examine the activity of the glucose 6 -phosphate dehydrogenase molecule against the G6PD enzymes. Afterwards, the interaction of the glucose 6 -phosphate dehydrogenase molecule with the protein (PDB ID: 5JYU and 2BH9) with the highest activity was calculated in the range of 0-100 ns. Finally, ADME/T calculation was made to predict the effects and reactions of glucose 6 -phosphate dehydrogenase molecule in human metabolism. This study explores the physiological functions and environmental sensitivities of G6PD in a dominant fish species, while also investigating its potential interactions and metabolic roles in humans. Understanding these aspects can contribute to environmental monitoring, fish health management, and even pharmaceutical development.