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Öğe 02.03.2017 and 24.04.2018 Samsat (Adiyaman) Earthquakes and Their Importance in Regional Seismotectonics(TMMOB JEOLOJI MUHENDISLERI ODASI, 2019) Tatar, Orhan; Kocbulut, Fikret; Polat, Ali; Demirel, MehmetIn this study, Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) method is used together with field observations to determine whether surface deformations occur in the region after the 5,5 Mw (AFAD) Samsat Earthquake occurred at a distance of 2.5 km from the Samsat district of Adiyaman province on 2 March 2017. We attempted to determine the deformation of the interferogram created by analyzing two Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of the Sentinel-1A fit before and after the earthquake. As a result of the evaluation of the interferogram, a surface deformation of about 2.5 cm in the satellite view direction/Line of Sight (LoS) was observed in the region. This deformation is mostly concentrated in the northeast of Samsat town. As a result of the detailed field investigations made immediately after the earthquake in the region, no surface rupture occurred but surface deformations in the form of local and discontinous fissures developed in some areas. It is understood that the Earthquake developed on a fault passing through about 5 Km North of Samsat and named as Samsat Fault by TPAO. It appears that more than 400 aftershocks following the main shock in the region concentrate roughly on a N40-50W lineament. It is noteworthy that in the observations made in the field, the distribution of the damage has also developed along this line in particular.Öğe Analysis of EzinepazarA +/--Sungurlu Fault Zone (Turkey) using Landsat TM data and its kinematic implications(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2015) Kocbulut, Fikret; Kavak, Kaan Sevki; Tatar, OrhanThe study area is located between Corum and Amasya along the EzinepazarA +/--Sungurlu Fault Zone (ESFZ) which is regarded as the splay of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). By this study, the 1/25,000 scaled geological map of the study area was prepared, and its stratigraphic and tectonic characteristics were unraveled as a result of palaeontological and petrographical analyses of the samples collected from different rock units. Particularly, geologic ages of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Ferhatkaya and Carcurum and Middle Eocene Cekerek formations were provided from palaeontological determinations. Using Landsat TM and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 3 (SRTM 3) data of the region, the borders between the rock units and the tectonic characteristics in the study area were clarified by spectral and spatial enhancement methods. Kinematic characteristics of ESFZ obtained from the young sedimentary rocks along both sides of the fault zone were also inferred in this study. Understanding the kinematic and geometrical characteristics of the faults is important in terms of the seismotectonics of the region. In the statistical study conducted on the basis of the directions of the lineaments indicates the highest concentrations in general between N 50A degrees - 60A degrees E and N 60A degrees - 70A degrees E. Band 7 of the study area was enlightened in SE direction taking into consideration the relation of the geologic structures in the region with NAFZ and ESFZ and their general strike directions. Along with the formation of NAFZ, the region has undergone a counterclockwise rotation of approximately 20A degrees-30A degrees, which has developed between the "splay" faults in the south block of that fault. These faults are strike-slip faults formed under the compressional regime roughly in a NW-SE direction. It is noted that this tectonic regime has developed under compression in NW-SE direction, which was dominant in similar kinematic analysis studies conducted on NAFZ.Öğe Analysis of Surface Fault-Rupture Characteristics Resulting from the 6 February 2023 (Mw:7.6) Ekinozu Earthquake along the Ciglik Fault (Malatya-Dogansehir-Eskikoy)(Afet ve Acil Durum Yonetimi Baskanligi (AFAD), 2024) Kocbulut, Fikret; Softa, Mustafa; Akgun, Elif; Kosaroglu, Sinan; Otlu, NazmiIn this study, we analyze the surface rupture caused by the Kahramanmaras/Ekinozu (Mw: 7.6) Earthquake of February 6, 2023, along the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone. The rupture, observed between the Doǧansehir district and Eskikoy town in Malatya province, was mapped at a scale of 1/25000. Additionally, we investigate the deep continuation of the rupture and quantify the resulting deformation. Our aim is to determine the width of deformation and vertical displacements, providing insights into its complex features. In surface rupture studies, it was determined that (i) the approximately 11 km mapped surface rupture between Malatya province's Doǧansehir district and Eskikoy town aligns with the previously identified Ciglik fault, (ii) the deformation width of the surface rupture ranges from 3.4 meters to 8.3 meters, with the most significant left-lateral displacement observed near the town of Ciglik reaching 95 cm, concurrently with a vertical displacement of 75 cm. © 2024 Afet ve Acil Durum Yonetimi Baskanligi (AFAD). All rights reserved.Öğe Crustal deformation and kinematics of the Eastern Part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey) from GPS measurements(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2012) Tatar, Orhan; Poyraz, Fatih; Gursoy, Halil; Cakir, Ziyadin; Ergintav, Semih; Akpinar, Zafer; Kocbulut, Fikret; Sezen, Fikret; Turk, Tarik; Hastaoglu, Kemal O.; Polat, Ali; Mesci, B. Levent; Gursoy, Onder; Ayazli, I. Ercument; Cakmak, Rahsan; Belgen, Alpay; Yavasoglu, HakanThe North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) is a 1200 km long dextral strike-slip fault zone forming the boundary between the Eurasian and Anatolian plates. It extends from the Gulf of Saros (North Aegean) in the west to the town of Karliova in eastern Turkey. Although there have been numerous geodetic studies concerning the crustal deformation, velocity field and the slip rate of the NAFZ along its western and central segments, geodetic observations along the eastern section of the NAFZ are sparse. In order to investigate the GPS velocities and the slip rate along the eastern part of the NAFZ, a dense GPS network consisting of 36 benchmarks was installed between Tokat and Erzincan on both sides of the fault zone and measured from 2006 to 2008. Measurement results indicate that the slip rate of the NAFZ increases westwards within about 400 km from 16.3 +/- 2.3 mm/year to 24.0 +/- 2.9 mm/year, in consistence with the observation that the Anatolian block is being pulled by the Hellenic trench rather than being pushed by the Arabian plate as a result of continental collision between the Arabian and Eurasian plates in eastern Turkey since late Miocene. Modelling the GPS velocities shows that fault locking depth increases also in the same direction from 8.1 +/- 3.3 km to 12.8 +/- 3.9 km. Slip rate decreases as moving off the Hellenic trench. An average slip rate of 20.1 +/- 2.4 mm/year and a locking depth of 12.5 +/- 3.5 km are also estimated for the entire study area by using all of the GPS measurements obtained in this study. The GPS velocities are in good agreement with the kinematic models created by paleomagnetic studies in the region and complete the overall picture. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Determination of neotectonic features of the Karasu Basin (SE Turkey) and their relationship with Quaternary volcanic activity using Landsat ETM plus imagery(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2009) Kavak, Kaan Sevki; Tatar, Orhan; Piper, John; Kocbulut, Fikret; Mesci, B. LeventThe junction between the East Anatolian and the Dead Sea fault zones lies close to an unstable F: Transform fault (FFF) triple junction where the African, Eurasian and Arabian plates meet in south-eastern Turkey. The Karasu Basin is an ephemeral rifted structure located close to the junction of these plate boundaries and is expressed by a range of tectono-morphological features. This study uses remote sensing to define tectonic structures and discriminate volcanic rocks linked to rifting within the basin using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery. Prior to advanced image processing stages, images were corrected to eliminate atmospheric scattering effects and determine the best band combination for multi-spectral processing techniques based on statistical methods. Following preprocessing stages, edge detection filters were applied to derive tectonic structures defining the basin. The Brovey transformation, a statistical data merging method, was used to combine reflective multi-spectral bands with the Landsat ETM+ panchromatic band. This method fuses higher spatial data with data of lower spatial value. The western margin of the Karasu Basin is defined by the left-lateral Amanos Fault Zone with a contemporary motion (c. -0.4 mm a(-1)) probably accommodating most of the left-lateral strike-slip motion between Arabian and African plates on the northern continuation of the Dead Sea Fault Zone. The rift zone has been the site of extensive recent volcanism concentrated within the Brunhes Chron (< 0.78 Ma) and linked to fault block rotations between the intracontinental master faults. The boundaries of this activity are defined here using a regolith mapping technique.Öğe Effect on the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone Erkenek and Pazarcik Segments of the 6 February 2023 Pazarcik (Kahramanmaras) Earthquake: Observations from Celikhan-Golbasi (Adiyaman)(Afet ve Acil Durum Yonetimi Baskanligi (AFAD), 2023) Aksoy, Ercan; Akgun, Elif; Softa, Mustafa; Kocbulut, Fikret; Sozbilir, Hasan; Tatar, Orhan; Erol, Serap ColakThis study aims to evaluate on a regional scale the surface ruptures that developed on the segments forming the southern branch of the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), on 2023 February 6, based on the morphology and slip amounts determined by mapping at 1/25.000 scale. It has in sight that the left lateral displacement, which measured 2.90 m at Celikhan, reached 3.80 m towards Golbasi/Balkar along the surface rupture and increased as close to the location of the main shock. The surface rupture developing a narrow deformation zone in Celikhan forms an extensional deformation zone by stepping to the left towards Golbasi/Balkar locality. Due to this situation, small-scale pull-apart basins have developed in the area, where vertical offsets up to 60 cm are also measured. © 2023 Universite de Paris VI (Pierre et Marie Curie). All rights reserved.Öğe Evidence for surface rupture of the 1939 Erzincan earthquake based on field data and paleoseismology on the Ezinepazar? Fault (North Anatolian Fault Zone, Central Anatolia)(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2023) Kocbulut, FikretThe Ezinepazari Fault (EPF) is an active segment that restricts the Niksar Basin in the central part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone and has been the source of the devastating Mw 8.0 earthquake in the last 100 years. Traces of the surface rupture of the EPF, which occurred in AD 1939, can still be observed in the field today as a right-lateral strike-slip character. While paleoseismological studies were mostly focused on the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in previous studies, the studies on the central and eastern parts of the NAFZ are rarely addressed. In this context, trench-based paleoseismology studies were carried out on the surface rupture traces in order to determine both historical/prehistoric earthquakes caused by the fault and the Quaternary period characteristics of the EPF. According to the data obtained, at least two historical earthquake activities have been detected besides the last 1939 earthquake on the EPF. Accordingly, the first and second events occurred in E1: 5871 +/- 2300 BP and E2: 1651 +/- 128 BP, respectively. When the determined data are compared with the historical earthquake catalogs, it is concluded that Event 2 (E2) can be correlated with the AD 343 Niksar earthquake; thus, the EPF has an irregular earthquake recurrence interval.Öğe Geophysical analysis of fault geometry and volcanic activity in the Erzincan Basin, Central Turkey: Complex evolution of a mature pull-apart basin(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016) Akpinar, Zafer; Gursoy, Halil; Tatar, Orhan; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Kocbulut, Fikret; Piper, John D. A.The Erzincan Basin is one of several Neogene sedimentary basins developed by prolonged right-lateral strike-slip along the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), the intracontinental transform defining the present boundary between the Eurasian Plate to the north and accreted Anatolian terranes to the south. The basin has a strong asymmetry and young (<780 ka) volcanic centers with widespread development of cross faults defining an advanced phase of pull-apart basin evolution. To isolate faults with no surface geomorphic or morphotectonic signatures in the young sedimentary cover, continuous magnetic profiles were conducted together with detailed interpretation of the regional Bouguer gravity map. This geophysical approach combined with surface mapping defines a fault geometry highlighting a series of buried structures including a fracture system 0.2-2.35 km wide which conforms to the volcanic lineaments seen at the surface. A model is developed for the evolution of the Erzincan Basin with a history commencing as a simple pull-apart by right-lateral strike-slip on the developing NAFZ, probably in Early Pliocene times. Subsequent interaction with a major left-lateral (Ovacik) fault (OF) caused the focus of motion on the NAFZ to shift to the southwest and develop a complex fishbone fracture system. This became the focus of volcanic activity on three lineaments which migrated progressively southwards toward the axis of the basin. Continuing motion on the OF transformed the south east margin of the basin into an extensional zone and the tectonic history of the basin has been further complicated by its proximity to a major transform intersection between the NAFZ and OF. The signatures of recent volcanism and the development of cross faults on which much activity is now concentrated define a mature pull-apart advancing toward extinction. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Intracontinental quaternary volcanism in the Niksar pull-apart basin, North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey(SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 2007) Tatar, Orhan; Yurtmen, Sema; Temiz, Haluk; Guersoy, Halil; Kocbulut, Fikret; Mesci, B. Levent; Guezou, Jean ClaudeThe Niksar Basin is sited along the eastern segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in Turkey. It is a young sigmoidal pull- apart basin bordered by two non- parallel master faults associated with earthquakes in 1939 and 1942. The fault geometry along the irregular ENE margin of the basin is complex where young Plio - Quaternary volcanic rocks reach the surface along pairs of steep strike- slip faults which cut the basin sediments. The volcanic rocks around the Niksar Basin have been dated by high precision K- Ar dating and the ages range between 542 +/- 9 ka and 567 +/- 9 ka. The lavas are mainly alkaline ( sodium dominated) in nature and include basaltic trachandesite ( mugearite) and trachyandesite ( benmoreite) with minor sub- alkaline compositions of dacitic andesite, rhyodacite and rhyolite. Despite the large compositional gap between basaltic and felsic lavas, major and trace element distributions indicate that both the basaltic and felsic lavas are cogenetic. Abundances of major oxides and trace elements vary systematically through this compositional spectrum. Fractional crystallization of the observed phases accounts for the diversity of intermediate and evolved products. Amphibole fractionation in basalts at depth causes the trend towards silica saturation while alkali feldspar fractionation dominates the final stages of crystallization. Significant crustal contamination has occured in the evolved magmas but contamination is generally minimal or absent in their basaltic parents. Alkaline basaltic rocks have OIB ( ocean island basalt) like trace element patterns characterized by enrichment in LILE, HFSE, LREE and slight depletion in HREE relative to primitive mantle values. Overall geochemical variations indicate the combined effects of different degrees of partial melting, fractional crystallization and variable degrees of crustal contamination.Öğe Kinematics of the faults around the Koyulhisar (Sivas) region on the North Anatolian Fault Zone(TMMOB JEOLOJI MUHENDISLERI ODASI, 2016) Demirel, Mehmet; Tatar, Orhan; Kocbulut, FikretThe study area is located on the eastern part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) around the Koyulhisar (Sivas) region. The region is represented by a 6-8 km wide and 32 km long deformation belt. This belt is divided into 5 fault segments by Toprak (1988) as North Anatolian Master Fault, Koyulhisar Fault Set, Kelkit Fault Set, Sihlar Fault Set and Kurucay Fault Set. In this study, a detailed fault kinematic analysis were carried out along the Sihkar, Camliyaka, Saytepe and Dumanlica Fault Sets around Koyulhisar and its surroundings. The result of kinematc analysis indicates that the region is under the effect of NW-SE compression and NE-SW extension. Morphotectonic structures and microseismic activity reveals the right lateral strike slip activity of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in this region. Intense landslide activity in the region is seen. One of the severe landslides occurred in Koyulhisar in 2000 is still affecting the region. GPS monitoring of this landslide reveals an average of 2.5-7.4 mm/year slip rate.Öğe More evidence of tropical conditions in the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) with new fossil woods from North-Central Türkiye(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2023) Akkem, Unal; Kocbulut, Fikret; Toprak, Ozlem; Tunc, UmutFossil wood descriptions are among the most important indicators in understanding forest structures across geological ages. This study was carried out to obtain new findings about the Middle Eocene Climate Optimum (MECO) period of Anatolia with new samples collected from the Middle Eocene-aged fossil area near Amasya-Goynucek. The fossil area falls into the Goynucek Volcanics in the region. Transverse, radial, and tangential microscopic sections were taken from three new fossil wood samples, and all identifications were performed on these microscopic sections. As a result, the fossil species were identified as Pinuxylon cf. P. tarnocziense, cf. Dichrostachyoxylon zirkelii, and Laurinoxylon perseamimatus based on their wood anatomical features. In all three fossil woods, the growth rings are quite wide and their boundaries are indistinct. This indicates the existence of warm tropical conditions in the MECO period. On the other hand, the extant representatives of the angiosperm genera identified here are found in tropical-subtropical forests. Overall, more information was obtained about the forest structure and climate of tropical conditions in the MECO period of Anatolia.Öğe Palaeomagnetic evidence for the neotectonic evolution of the Erzincan Basin, North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2013) Tatar, Orhan; Akpinar, Zafer; Gursoy, Halil; Piper, John D. A.; Kocbulut, Fikret; Mesci, B. Levent; Polat, Ali; Roberts, Andrew P.Ongoing motion of Anatolia towards the west is caused by convergence of the Arabian and Eurasian plates coupled with suction towards the retreating Hellenic Arc. This regime is controlling the development of neotectonic structures in Turkey with the resulting distributed deformation accommodated primarily between the East and North Anatolian Intracontinental Transform Faults. The Erzincan Basin is developed along the eastern part of the latter fault and although it incorporates one of the largest Quaternary basins in Turkey, the duration and tectonic evolution are disputed. Tectonic models proposed to explain the basin range from simple rhomboidal pull-apart to a complex multi-phase evolution. To help constrain the age and tectonic regime(s) forming the basin we have conducted a palaeomagnetic and geochronologic study of volcanic domes which occur mainly in proximity to strike-slip faulting along the northern margin of the basin. The investigated sample comprises 27 lava sites located within 14 cones, 13 to the north and one in the south. Although difficult propositions for palaeomagnetic investigation because the young predominantly-pyroclastic constructive topography is susceptible to collapse, all sites show positive inclinations and mainly northerly declinations showing that they are the consequence of a tectonic regime confined to the Brunhes Chron. Whilst the limitation of directional data from these young constructive features is stressed, ten cones are found to show clockwise rotations ranging from 12 degrees to 195 degrees with three cones showing no significant rotation. Geochronological studies from 13 samples yield a range of ages with 6 providing meaningful results <0.3 Myr in age and consistent with young ages evident from morphology and paleomagnetism. AMS (Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility) studies identify a fabric related to downslope flow at most sites with the majority moving away from conduits controlled by fractures paralleling the dominant NW-SE trend of the master fault. The palaeomagnetic and geochronologic results show that the history of the Erzincan Basin has involved at least two phases with the later phase incoporating an extensional component permitting access to mantle melts and confined to the last similar to 300,000 years. The earlier phase commenced in Late Miocene or Early Pliocene times and initiated the rift infill which currently attains a maximum thickness in excess of 2.7 km. We propose that the Erzincan Basin is now segmented as a mature basin by strike-slip cross faults although these cannot explain the consistent clockwise rotations observed within the small blocks incorporating the volcanic cones because these are confined to a narrow zone between two master faults and appear to be subject to ball-bearing style rotation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Palaeomagnetic investigation of Cenozoic volcanic rocks bordering the North Anatolian Fault Zone, Resadiye and Koyulhisar Districts, central-east Anatolia, Turkey(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2012) Kocbulut, FikretA palaeomagnetic study is reported from the lavas of Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene age cropping out immediately to the north of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in the Readiye-Mesudiye region of central-eastern Anatolia. Rock magnetic investigations identify a high percentage of multi-domained magnetite as the dominant ferromagnet in these rocks and this probably accounts for a relatively poor response to alternating field and thermal demagnetisation. Thirty of 37 units yielded acceptable groupings of characteristic magnetisation directions. An earlier study indicated small anticlockwise crustal block rotation in this region since Upper Cretaceous times (D/I=347/50 degrees), and our study indicates that this was overtaken by clockwise rotation in Eocene times (D/I=40/47 degrees), although sample size control from the Palaeogene is poor. Results from later Miocene (D/I=2/62 degrees) and Pliocene (D/I=0/53 degrees) volcanic rocks indicate that no significant tectonic rotation has occurred in the north of the NAFZ in Neogene times. This contrasts with rotations in the weaker crust comprising the Anatolian collage south of the NAFZ, where differential and sometimes large anticlockwise rotations occurred during the latter part of the Neogene.Öğe Palaeomagnetic study of the Karacadag Volcanic Complex, SE Turkey: Monitoring Neogene anticlockwise rotation of the Arabian Plate(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2013) Kocbulut, Fikret; Akpinar, Zafer; Tatar, Orhan; Piper, John D. A.; Roberts, Andrew. P.The Karacadak Volcanic Centre in south east Turkey is a major basaltic complex sited at the northern margin of the Arabian Plate and emplaced in several pulses between similar to 11 Ma and Late Quaternary times. We have sampled 71 sites in lavas of this complex to constrain the palaeomagnetic record and hence the chronology of magmatic activity and regional rotation. Palaeomagnetic study at sixty two sites yields significant component definition with mixed normal and reversed polarities. From age dating and morphologic criteria we identify three major episodes of lava emplacement and site mean directions of magnetisation for these divisions resolve migration of the palaeofield direction for the northern sector of the Arabian Plate since mid-Miocene times. Successive (reversed polarity) group mean directions are: D/I = 175 degrees/-50.5 degrees (N = 37, R = 33.13, alpha(95) = 4.1 degrees) for the oldest (Siverek) division (mean age estimate 11.1-6.7 Ma), D/I = 173.4 degrees/-46.0 degrees (N = 16, R = 15.67, alpha(95) = 5.5 degrees) for the middle (Karacadak) division (mean age 33 Ma) and D/I = 167.7 degrees/-47.6 degrees (N = 6, R = 5.93, alpha(95) = 7.9 degrees) for the youngest (Ovabag) division (similar to 1.9 Ma present). The first two results merit a tectonic interpretation and consistent anticlockwise rotation of similar to 9 degrees is recognised in the Karacadag Volcanic Centre between similar to 11 and 3.3 Ma. The mean directions conform to palaeomagnetic results from other undeformed Neogene igneous complexes of comparable age range further to the west along the northern perimeter of the Arabian Plate. The amount of tectonic rotation observed in late Pliocene and older volcanic units from this plate is found to be statistically-constant Tectonism responsible for rotation therefore appears to have been temporally-confined to the last similar to 2 Myr which is long after collision with the Anatolides and closure of the Bitlis suture. This conclusion conforms to the young distributed block rotations recognised in the Anatolides and Aegean and correlates with the regime of tectonic escape of terranes to the west. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Surface rupture during the 6th of February 2023 Mw 7.6 Elbistan-Ekinözü (Kahramanmaraş) earthquake: implications for fault rupture dynamics along the northern branch of East Anatolian Fault Zone(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2024) Softa, Mustafa; Kocbulut, Fikret; Akgun, Elif; Aksoy, Ercan; Sozbilir, Hasan; Tatar, Orhan; Karabacak, VolkanOn the 6th of February 2023, Mw 7.7 Pazarcik (Kahramanmaras) and Mw 7.6 Ekinozu (Kahramanmaras) earthquakes that occurred in Turkiye are devastating earthquake series that filled the existing seismic gaps on East Anatolian Fault Zone on the same day. The first Mw 7.7 earthquake caught most people in their sleep and 9 h later, a second one was triggered, ending up with more than 50k death toll, widespread damage to buildings, and massive landslides. This study presents the surface rupture geometry and coseismic displacement characteristics determined with field observations immediately after February 6, 2023, Ekinozu (Kahramanmaras, Turkiye) earthquake (Mw 7.6). Preliminary implications show that the total rupture length is 130 +/- 10 km on the cardak segment and Dogansehir segment, known as the northern branch of the East Anatolian Fault Zone. Left lateral strike-slip faulting is developed with a maximum horizontal displacement of 6.60 m and an average displacement of 3.00 m. Furthermore, the pitches of slip lines ranging from 0 degrees to 10 degrees were measured on the neoformed fault planes. In addition to that, surface rupture exhibits restraining bends and releasing bends structure at small scales on the cardak segment. From this point on, our preliminary results signify that cardak and Dogansehir segments were consecutively broken in Mw 7.6 Ekinozu (Kahramanmaras) earthquake that traced between Goksun and Nurhak region and from there reached the Eskikoy regions. Furthermore, potential stress may be concentrated on not only the Surgu segment which is on the transfer fault between the northern branch and the southern branch of East Anatolian Fault Zone but also the west of the cardak segment and the northeast of the Dogansehir segment near Yesilyurt (Malatya).Öğe The first paleoxylotomical evidence from the Mid-Eocene Climate Optimum from Turkey(Elsevier, 2021) Akkemik, Unal; Mantzouka, Dimitra; Tunc, Umut; Kocbulut, FikretPetrified wood is important evidence of forest type and past climate. Studies from mainly the Neogene of Turkey described many fossil woods, and revealed valuable information about the paleoenvironment structure and climate. This is the first occurrence of plant macrofossils belonging to the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum, a crucial period in Earth's history, found in Turkey. The purpose of the present study is to investigate, for the first time, the Middle Eocene Climate Optimum of Turkey through the first identification of two paleoxylotomical findings of Lutetian age from Central-North Turkey. After working on the thin wood sections, a new fossil genus of Lauraceae, Actinodaphnoxylon gen. nov. was described with a type species of Actinodaphnoxylon zileensis sp. nov. Another coniferous specimen was described as Pinuxylon cf. P. tarnocziense. These species indicate the presence of warm, humid rainforest and lower mountain forest 40-41 million years ago in the middle Black Sea region (Tokat-Zile) of North-Central Turkey. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Wood and leaf remains of palms with affinities to Sabal Adans., from the middle Eocene of Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2023) Akkemik, Unal; Iamandei, Stanila; Iamandei, Eugenia; Kocbulut, Fikret; Guner, Huseyin Tuncay; Celik, Hakan; Tunc, UmutTwo new fossil species based on the study of wood remains and leaf imprints from the middle Eocene (ekerek Formation (central-northern part of Turkey) are assigned to the palm family Arecaceae. Standard thin sections from the two samples of fossil wood were investigated and identified as Palmoxylon sabaloides Greguss 1969, with close xylotomical affinities to the modern genus Sabal Adans. The leaf imprints are weakly costapalmate and correspond to the genus Sabal as well. Based on the short petiole extension (costa), the leaves resemble the fossil-species Sabal lamanonis (Brongn.) Heer, 1855. This fossil-species was abundant in Paleogene strata of western and southwestern Europe but has only rarely been described from Cenozoic strata of the Eastern Mediterranean region. The presence of this species, in combination with previously reported pollen records of mangrove palms, indicate warm (sub)tropical conditions in the middle Eocene of north-central Turkey and may reflect the Middle Eocene Climate Optimum (MECO).
