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Öğe Construction of novel BiOI/CuInS2/ZnO dual S-scheme charge transfer pathway for efficient antibiotic degradation(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Banyal, Rahul; Sudhaik, Anita; Kumar, Rohit; Raizada, Pankaj; Ahamad, Tansir; Kaya, Savas; Maslov, Mikhail M.The present work explored the photocatalytic activity of BiOI-CuInS2-ZnO ternary heterojunction for the photodegradation of the tetracycline (TCl). The bare photocatalysts were prepared via hydrothermal method while the ternary heterojunction was synthesized using simple physical mixing route. The ternary heterojunction of BiOI, CuInS2 and ZnO followed the S-scheme charge transfer pathway exhibiting superior photodegradation ability compared to other synthesized photocatalysts. The attained degradation efficiency of BiOI-CuInS2-ZnO Sscheme ternary heterojunction was 96.75 % within 90 min of light illumination which was much higher than other photocatalysts. Electron spin resonance (ESR) investigations and scavenging experiment indicated that O-center dot(2)-, and (OH)-O-center dot radicals plays an important role in photodegradation of TCl. Furthermore, the structural analysis of synthesized bare photocatalysts was also done via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results showed that after the formation of S-scheme heterojunction, the ternary heterojunction showed lower recombination rate (validated via PL analysis) with boosted charge carriers separation rate (confirmed through EIS and TPR analysis) and light absorption ability. This had led to upgradation in photodegradation efficiency of ternary BiOI-CuInS2-ZnO photocatalyst. The reusability test of the photocatalysts confirmed excellent stability of ternary photocatalysts with 90.25 % degradation rate up to five catalytic cycles.Öğe Dual S-scheme Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4/Ag2MoO4 ternary heterojunction: Interfacial charge transfer, broadband spectrum, enhanced redox ability(Elsevier, 2024) Hasija, Vasudha; Khan, Aftab Aslam Parwaz; Sonu; Katin, Konstantin P.; Kaya, Savas; Singh, Pardeep; Raizada, PankajA ternary heterojunction bearing Bi2MoO6 and g-C3N4 is deposited on Ag2MoO4 for the photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) antibiotic. Though the hydrothermal synthesis is non-directional, the dual Sscheme heterojunction formation is governed by the g-C3N4 serving as an electron bridge between Bi2MoO6 and Ag2MoO4. The potent strong interaction with both Bi2MoO6 and Ag2MoO4 facilitates high oxidation and reduction potential. The optimized Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4/Ag2MoO4 heterojunction with extended visible light absorption exhibits 96 % SMX degradation efficiency within 240 min of irradiations. The dual S-scheme configuration endows in-built electric field with vigorous driving force for charge carrier separation. The charge transfer mechanisms were validated by the photoluminescence results. Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4/Ag2MoO4 MoO 4 heterojunction demonstrates pseudo-first order kinetics with 0.143 kmin(-1) for SMX degradation and ternary photo-catalyst 83 % degraded SMX after successive five cycles. In the formed dual S-scheme Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4/Ag2MoO4 heterojunction, (OH)-O-center dot and center dot O-2(-) radicals were the main reactive species for SMX degradation. This research contributes to the formation of stable multicomponent photocatalytic systems.Öğe Dual S-scheme-based ternary BiOCl/CuInS2/WO3 heterojunction for Victoria blue photodegradation(Elsevier, 2024) Banyal, Rahul; Sudhaik, Anita; Soni, Vatika; Kumar, Rohit; Sonu, Sonu; Raizada, Pankaj; Ahamad, TansirPhotocatalysis has great potential for transforming sustainable solar energy into chemical energy, offering significant benefits for environmental applications. However, the rapid charge carrier recombination in pristine semiconductors is a big challenge. S-scheme heterojunction strategy is one of the effective strategies to overcome this challenge. The present work explored the photodegradation ability of the BiOCl-CuInS2-WO3 heterojunction against Victoria blue (VIB) dye. The pristine photocatalysts (i.e. BiOCl, CuInS2, WO3) were fabricated hydrothermally, however the BiOCl-CuInS2-WO3 ternary photocatalyst was constructed via a facile physical mixing. The BiOCl-CuInS2-WO3 ternary photocatalyst followed dual S-scheme charge migration route as per the band alignments which lead to upgraded photodegradation ability in comparison to other pristine photocatalysts. The S-Scheme heterojunction formation offered enhanced charge separation and the separated charge carriers carry out degradation process in presence of light. The photodegradation rate of BiOCl-CuInS2-WO3 dual S-scheme heterojunction was 99.24 % after 90 min, that was superior than other photocatalysts. Similarly, via ESR studies and scavenging experiments, the significant role of O-center dot(2)-, and (OH)-O-center dot radicals was determined in the degradation of VIB. Also, the S-scheme heterojunction resulted in extended light absorption ability with reduced recombination rate (verified by PL analysis) and higher separation rate of photocarriers (confirmed by EIS and TPR analysis) in ternary heterojunction. This resulted in improved photodegradation effectiveness of the ternary BiOCl-CuInS2-WO3 photocatalyst. The stability of the formed heterojunction was verified via reusability tests which displayed 90.25 % degradation efficiency after 5 successive catalytic cycles.Öğe Emergence of S-scheme-derived Ag decorated CuBi2O4/CNTs/(BiO)2CO3 photocatalyst with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance(Elsevier, 2024) Dutta, Vishal; Sonu; Sudhaik, Anita; Kumar, Rohit; Raizada, Pankaj; Ahamad, Tansir; Alshehri, Saad M.Background: Due to advantages like low cost, and high catalytic efficiency, photocatalysis has attracted more and more attention. The present investigation presents a straightforward and cost-effective hydrothermal method for producing Ag-decorated CuBi2O4/CNTs/(BiO)(2)CO3 composites with varying weight percentages of (BiO)(2)CO3. Methods: Herein, systematic investigations were conducted to examine the crystal, morphological, and optical properties of the photocatalysts. The investigation focused on evaluating the photocatalytic performance via visible light-assisted photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RhB). Significant findings: Findings revealed that loading of (BiO)(2)CO3 efficiently improved the photoactivity of the composite. The Ag-CuBi2O4/CNTs/(BiO)(2)CO3 heterojunction photocatalyst with 15 % loading of (BiO)(2)CO3 has expressively enhanced photocatalytic performance, estimated around 97.79 % of RhB and 98.29 % of MO photo-degraded within 70 min in visible light irradiation, which was also found much enhanced than that of bare CuBi2O4 and (BiO)(2)CO3. Re-cyclic experiments indicated that fabricated semiconductor hybrid photo-catalyst own good photo-stability as well as reusability. The involvement of center dot O-2- and center dot OH active radical species in the process of increased photo-degradation has been demonstrated using ESR and radical trapping tests. The description of the full photocatalytic mechanism based on the S-scheme was conducted by considering the estimated energy band locations, electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) trapping tests. This study presents a pragmatic methodology for the development of wide-bandgap bismuth-derived semiconductors that exhibit effective photo-degradation for environmental remediation.Öğe Fabrication of a dual Z-scheme Ag3PO4/g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6 ternary nanocomposite for effective degradation of methylene blue dye(Springer, 2024) Chauhan, Akanksha; Khan, Aftab Aslam Parwaz; Sudhaik, Anita; Kumar, Rohit; Katin, Konstantin P.; Kaya, Savas; Raizada, PankajMethylene blue is a recognized carcinogen with detrimental effects on both people and marine life. Henceforth, in this study, the photocatalytic activity of Ag3PO4/g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6 (AP/GCN/BMO) photocatalyst was investigated for the degradation of MB dye from an aqueous system. g-C3N4, BMO and AP photocatalysts bare photocatalysts were synthesized via thermal polycondensation, hydrothermal and co-precipitation methods, respectively. Similarly, binary (GCN/BMO) and ternary heterojunctions (AP/GCN/BMO) was constructed through in-situ hydrothermal and co-precipitation methods, respectively. Morphological and structural analysis validated close interaction amongst Ag3PO4, g-C3N4, and Bi2MoO6 photocatalysts. Furthermore, density functional theory simulations were employed to explore the structural and electronic properties of the bare (Ag3PO4, g-C3N4, and Bi2MoO6) photocatalysts. The photocatalytic degradation experiments revealed that AP/GCN/BMO exhibited highest adsorption and photocatalytic degradation efficacy of methylene blue (MB) dye pollutant as compared to other photocatalysts. The achieved MB dye degradation efficiency of dual Z-scheme AP/GCN/BMO ternary photocatalyst was approx. ~94% within 60 min under visible light exposure which was much greater than pristine and binary photocatalysts. This higher efficiency was accredited to dual Z-scheme type of charge transfer route which boosted photocarriers charge separation and transferal rate. Furthermore, through scavenging experiment, the confirmed reactive species in this type of charge transfer route were •O2? and •OH radicals that efficiently degraded MB dye pollutant. Additionally, the ternary photocatalyst demonstrated good stability and recyclability for up to five successive catalytic cycles with 81% degradation efficiency. The current work extends our understanding of photocatalytic degradation by providing novel strategies for pollutant degradation that successfully degrade contaminants. Also, it promotes the development of more efficient, environmentally friendly waste treatment methods that uses solar/light energy. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.Öğe Fabrication of novel ternary dual S-scheme ZnFe2O4/Ag3PO4/ZnIn2S4 photocatalyst with enhanced visible light-driven RhB degradation(Elsevier Science Inc, 2024) Kumar, Yogesh; Sonu; Sudhaik, Anita; Raizada, Pankaj; Nguyen, Van-Huy; Kumar, Naveen; Kaya, SavasThis work synthesized a ternary dual S-scheme photocatalyst ZnIn2S4/Ag3PO4/ZnFe2O4 by co-modifying Ag3PO4 with ZnFe2O4 and ZnIn2S4 by facile co-precipitation method. XRD outcome established the formation of bare Ag3PO4, ZnIn2S4, and ZnFe2O4, and ZnIn2S4/Ag3PO4/ZnFe2O4 was shown to be pure since peaks matching these semiconductors appeared. These findings were further supported by the FTIR and XPS analyses, which revealed the shift in structural characteristics. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a broader absorption spectrum of the nanocomposite and pointed out that it might be used as a photocatalyst in direct sunshine. Shorter charge transfer resistance and poor recombination rate of charge carriers are shown by a smaller radius in the EIS Nyquist plot and a less intense PL spectrum of ternary composite, respectively. Under simulated solar radiations, the photocatalytic performance of the ZnIn2S4/Ag3PO4/ZnFe2O4 (ZIS/SP/ZIS) nanocomposite (99.8 %) was the highest against RhB decolorization when compared to pure ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) (33.3 %), Ag3PO4 (SP) (19.6 %), ZnFe2O4 (ZF) (20.1 %) and binary Ag3PO4/ZnFe2O4 (SP/ZF) (55.4 %) nanocomposite. However, COD proved that complete mineralization took longer and took 240 min. Experiments on scavenging have shown that the radicals O-center dot(2)-, h(+), and (OH)-O-center dot are created and influence RhB degradation in order: O-2(-) > OH > h(+). ESR experiment supported the scavenging study results. Out of two main schematic models used to depict the photocatalytic reaction mechanism, the S-scheme can effectively explain boosted light absorption, charge carrier separation, the synergistic effect of the components, and improved photocatalytic performance. Facile magnetic separation and photostability were observed as photocatalysts retained 90.8 % degradation efficiency after four reuse cycles.Öğe Integrating BiOI/g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 Derived Dual S-Scheme Photocatalyst with Biochar for Emerging Adsorption for Photocatalysis: Multicharge Migration and Mechanistic Insights(Amer Chemical Soc, 2024) Rana, Anchal; Sonu; Sudhaik, Anita; Chawla, Akshay; Raizada, Pankaj; Kaushik, Ajeet Kumar; Ahamad, TansirPhotocatalysis for environmental cleanup applications has seen an enormous increase in interest recently. This study aimed to examine the in situ photoactivity of the photocatalyst BiOI/g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/Biochar for the photocatalytic decomposition of the target pollutant methylene blue (MB). During photocatalysis, biochar is utilized as a support material by using light harvesting and electron-conductive qualities to hinder the quick recombination of e(-)/h(+) pairs. The BiOI/g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/Biochar composite showed improved photoactivity and stability after adding biochar. For MB degradation, the attained rate constant K was found to be 0.04102 > 0.02446 > 0.01818 > 0.0119 > 0.00933 > 0.00705 min(-1) for g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/BIOI/Biochar > g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/BIOI > g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 > BiOI > Bi2WO6 > g-C3N4, respectively. The degradation efficiencies of BiOI/g-C3N4/Bi2WO6/Biochar photocatalysts for MB were 97.56% within 70 min. Scavenger and electron spin resonance (ESR) studies further demonstrated that h(+), O-center dot(2)-, and (OH)-O-center dot are significant reactive species that aid in the photodegradation of dyes. Additionally, the structural analyses of MB using DFT calculations and the examination of the degraded products using GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) allowed for a more insightful deduction of the photodegradation pathways. Results showed that the degradation efficiencies of BiOI/g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 significantly improved the degradation rate with the addition of biochar. The quaternary composite improved light harvesting, absorption capacity, porosity, and pore structure of the photocatalyst. This work suggests possible applications and a novel technique for large-scale photocatalytic degradation. It also suggests a straightforward and inexpensive strategy for creating a stable semiconductor-based photocatalytic system.Öğe Interfacial charge transfer in g-C3N4/FeVO4/AgBr nanocomposite for efficient photodegradation of tetracycline antibiotic and Victoria blue dye(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2025) Dhull, Priya; Sonu, Sonu; Poonia, Komal; Raizada, Pankaj; Ahamad, Tansir; Kaya, Savas; Katin, KonstantinThe study presents the fabrication and superior photoactivity of a ternary g-C3N4/FeVO4/AgBr heterojunction nanocomposite, synthesized via a chemical precipitation method for effective degradation of tetracycline (TC) and Victoria Blue (VB) dye under light illumination. The morphology and the crystal size of the synthesized nanocomposite were characterized by using FESEM and XRD and the calculated grain size (100.39 nm) is larger than the crystal size (48.14 nm) indicating strong interparticle bonding. The heterojunction design leverages dual S-scheme interfacial charge transfer, reducing electron-hole recombination as confirmed by optoelectronic and electrochemical techniques. The composite demonstrated superior performance, achieving 82.15% degradation of TC and 97.25% degradation of VB. The study highlights density functional theory (DFT) simulations and MottSchottky (MS) analysis, providing insight into the electronic structure, distribution of charge, and band alignments of the g-C3N4/FeVO4/AgBr nanocomposite. Electron spin resonance and radical scavenging experiments revealed holes and superoxide radicals as the primary species driving the degradation process. Furthermore, LCMS analysis provided insights into the degradation pathways, confirming the conversion of TC and VB into nontoxic byproducts. The photocatalytic stability was confirmed through five consecutive cycles with minimal disruption in both performance and morphology, demonstrating its potential for wastewater treatment applications. Consequently, this study illustrates how the collaborative interplay of dual S-scheme charge migration and silver plasmonic effects enhances the efficiency of the g-C3N4/FeVO4/AgBr nanocomposite, offering a novel and highly effective solution for the degradation of complex pollutants in environmental remediation.Öğe Photocatalysis and adsorption coupling in S-scheme K and P doped g-C3N4/GO/MgFe2O4 photocatalyst for enhanced degradation of Congo red dye(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2025) Kumar, Rohit; Khan, Aftab Aslam Parwaz; Sudhaik, Anita; Sonu, Sonu; Kaya, Savas; Singh, Pardeep; Raizada, PankajPhotocatalysis is an environmentally friendly approach for harnessing solar light to degrade pollutants. This study investigates the degradation of Congo red (COR) dye by a visible light-active photocatalyst, with a primary focus on the efficiency and reusability of the photocatalytic material. We synthesized phosphorus- and potassium-doped graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysts attached to graphene oxide and MgFe2O4 (KPCN/GO/MgFe2O4). Doping graphitic carbon nitride enhanced light absorption, while graphene oxide improved the adsorption properties. The addition of magnetic MgFe2O4 enhanced charge separation and reusability. The KPCN/GO/MgFe2O4 composite was analyzed using a range of techniques. The activity of the synthesized materials for Congo red (COR) dye degradation was analyzed under visible light. The photocatalytic activities of bare, binary, and ternary photocatalysts were compared, and KPCN/GO/MgFe2O4 exhibited the highest photoactivity among all. The KPCN/GO/MgFe2O4 photocatalyst (60 mg) showed a 76% removal efficiency for 5 x 10-6 M Congo red within 60 min, which was 2.5 times higher than that of pure graphitic carbon nitride. The OH and O2- were the major reactive species during COR photodegradation. The photocatalyst also displayed good reusability after five cycles, enhancing its overall effectiveness.Öğe Tailoring dual S-Scheme based g-C3N4/ZnO/TiO2 ternary photocatalytic system immobilized on floating cork for environmental remediation(Elsevier, 2025) Rana, Anchal; Sonu, Sonu; Sudhaik, Anita; Kumar, Rohit; Chawla, Akshay; Raizada, Pankaj; Chaudhary, VishalBackground: Light harvesting and reusability are the key factors for highly effective solar photocatalysis. Floating photocatalysts can maximize light utilization and be recycled easily, making them a strong candidate for real-world environmental applications. Methods: In this article, a novel dual s-scheme-based g-C3N4/ZnO/TiO2/Cork photocatalyst was constructed via a co-precipitation process followed by physical blending of the floating materials. In g-C3N4/ZnO/TiO2/Cork photocatalyst, cork acted as a floating substrate to enhance light exposure, oxygen availability, and reusability. The dual S-scheme charge transfers between g-C3N4, ZnO, and TiO2 improves carriers' charge separation and concentration. Advanced Spectral techniques were utilized to compare and analyze the morphological, structural, and optical characteristics. The photocatalytic activity was further analyzed by using methyl orange (MO) and doxycycline hydrochloride (DCl) as target pollutants. Significant findings: The g-C3N4/ZnO/TiO2/Cork heterojunction exhibited excellent photodegradation activity against MO dye (98.25 %) and DCl antibiotic (79.27 %) within 60 min under visible light. The scavenger experiment revealed that the O-center dot(2)- and (OH)-O-center dot radicals were the major reactive species in this photocatalytic experiment. Additionally, a better recyclability was also demonstrated by the g-C3N4/ZnO/TiO2/Cork heterojunction photocatalyst.
