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    Development of phytoactive essential oils-composed organogels against oral pathogens
    (Elsevier, 2024) Yapar, Evren Algin; Gokce, Evren H.; Sahiner, Asli; Inal, Ebrar; Ulusoy, Seyma; Souto, Eliana B.; Akanoglu, Beyza
    Gingivitis, one of the most common periodontal diseases, is the inflammation of the gingival tissues that causes swelling, tenderness, redness and bleeding. The treatment should contain anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant agents to decrease the risk of dental plaque formation and periodontal tissue damage in the inflammatory process. In line with the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant effects of the geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L'Her.) herb, common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) herb, and mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) leaf, in this work we propose their use as active pharmaceutical ingredients of periodontal gels. The organogel formulations were produced either by microwave-assisted irradiation method or by the conventional approach (microwave-free), and further characterized for their physicochemical properties, antimicrobial efficacy and cell viability. Among them, the gel formulation containing 4 % geranium essential oil obtained by the conventional method was identified as the best candidate to be developed as an effective and safe alternative suitable for oromucosal applications.
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    Evaluation of organic load-related efficacy changes in antiseptic solutions used in hospitals
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2022) Sahiner, Asli; Halat, Ece; Algin Yapar, Evren; Kara, Bilge Ahsen
    Background/aim: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the change in antimicrobial efficacy related to the presence of the organic load of four different antiseptic solutions that are frequently used in hospitals. Materials and methods: Solutions of hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine digluconate, and ethyl alcohol were prepared, tested in terms of antimicrobial efficacy changes in the presence of organic substances, and evaluated according to EN 13727 and EN 13624 standards. Results: Among the investigated solutions ethanol 70% solution showed the best results by providing a 5-log reduction on all test organisms without affecting by the type and concentration of organic substances. Solutions of hydrogen peroxide 3%, povidone-iodine 7.5%, and chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% performed lower antimicrobial efficacy depending on the concentration of organic load. Conclusion: It is concluded that the antimicrobial efficacy of antiseptic solutions is significantly affected by the organic substances and thus the proper use of antiseptics has become important to achieve successful disinfection and prevention of antibacterial resistance.
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    Phytoactive essential oils-composed water-free organogels: Development, characterization and proof of antibacterial activity
    (Elsevier, 2024) Yapar, Evren Algin; Gokce, Evren H.; Sahiner, Asli; Inal, Ebrar; Ulusoy, Seyma; Souto, Eliana B.; Akanoglu, Beyza
    The objective of this study was to develop and analyze a gel-like formulation that does not contain water, made from natural compounds found in essential oils, which are known for their antimicrobial properties and ability to reduce inflammation. Lentisk tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) and myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) grow in the mild climate of Eurasia and are receiving particular attention for their medicinal and aromatic value. Two distinct concentrations of selected essential oils (EOs) were tested, dispersed in organogels based on 3 % (m/V) Carbopol 974P NF in PEG 400. Prior to formulation development, selected EOs were characterized by mass spectroscopy to identify the dominating bioactives. A total of 32 compounds were quantified for lentisk leaf EO, 42 for yarrow EO, and 26 for myrtle leaf EO. The best formulations were found for the highest concentration of EOs (4 %, m/m) into Carbopol/PEG400 organogels. Organogels were produced by high-speed homogenization followed by microwave heating and showed acceptable pH between 5.8 and 6.0, being compatible with the skin, with an electrical conductivity highest for yarrow EO-based organogel (YIG4%, -64 mV), and the lowest for myrtle EO-based organogel (MIG4%, -48 mV). Texture analysis showed the highest adhesion properties for lentisk EO-based organogel (LIG4%), attributed to its higher viscosity recorded for the two tested temperatures (25 degrees C vs 37 degrees C). Rheological analysis confirmed that organogels have pseudoplastic behaviour. The antibacterial activity was compared between plain EOs and EOs-based organogels, with the yarrow EO and its organogel (YIG4%) depicting the highest activity against both tested bacterial strains (S. aureus and C. acnes). On the other hand, MIG4% contributed for the highest cell proliferation rate tested in a mouse embryo fibroblast cell line (3T3-L1), whereas with LIG4% the lowest viability value was recorded.