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    International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) national report on device-associated infection rates in 19 cities of Turkey, data summary for 2003-2012
    (BMC, 2014) Leblebicioglu, Hakan; Erben, Nurettin; Rosenthal, Victor Daniel; Atasay, Begum; Erbay, Ayse; Unal, Serhat; Senol, Gunes; Willke, Ayse; Ozgultekin, Asu; Altin, Nilgun; Bakir, Mehmet; Oncul, Oral; Ersoz, Gulden; Ozdemir, Davut; Yalcin, Ata Nevzat; Ozdemir, Halil; Yildizdas, Dincer; Koksal, Iftihar; Aygun, Canan; Sirmatel, Fatma; Sener, Alper; Tuna, Nazan; Akan, OTzay Arikan; Turgut, Huseyin; Demiroz, A. Pekcan; Kendirli, Tanil; Alp, Emine; Uzun, Cengiz; Ulusoy, Sercan; Arman, Dilek; Ozgunes, Ilhan; Usluer, Gaye; Kilic, Atila; Arsan, Saadet; Cabadak, Hatice; Sen, Suha; Gelebek, Yasemin; Zengin, Humeyra; Topeli, Arzu; Alper, Yusuf; Meric, Meliha; Azak, Emel; Inan, Asuman; Turan, Guldem; Haznedaroglu, Tuncer; Gorenek, Levent; Acar, Ali; Cesur, Salih; Engin, Aynur; Kaya, Ali; Kuyucu, Necdet; Geyik, Mehmet Faruk; Aydin, Ozlem Cetinkaya; Erdogan, Nurse Selvi; Turhan, Ozge; Gunay, Nurgul; Gumus, Eylul; Dursun, Oguz; Esen, Saban; Ulger, Fatma; Dilek, Ahmet; Yilmaz, Hava; Sunbul, Mustafa; Gokmen, Zeynel; Ozdemir, Sonay Incesoy; Horoz, Ozden Ozgur; Yylmaz, Gurdal; Kaya, Selcuk; Ulusoy, Hulya; Kucukoduk, Sukru; Ustun, Cemal; Baysal, Abant Izzet; Otkun, Metin; Tulunay, Melek; Oral, Mehmet; Unal, Necmettin; Cengiz, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Leyla; Sacar, Suzan; Sungurtekin, Hulya; Ugurcan, Dogac; Yetkin, M. Arzu; Bulut, Cemal; Erdinc, F. Sebnem; Hatipoglu, Cigdem Ataman; Ince, Erdal; Ciftci, Ergin; Odek, Caglar; Yaman, Ayhan; Karbuz, Adem; Aldemir, Bilge; Kilic, Aysegul Ulu; Arda, Bilgin; Bacakoglu, Feza; Hizel, Kenan
    Background: Device-associated healthcare-acquired infections (DA-HAI) pose a threat to patient safety, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU). We report the results of the International Infection Control Consortium (INICC) study conducted in Turkey from August 2003 through October 2012. Methods: A DA-HAI surveillance study in 63 adult, paediatric ICUs and neonatal ICUs (NICUs) from 29 hospitals, in 19 cities using the methods and definitions of the U.S. NHSN and INICC methods. Results: We collected prospective data from 94,498 ICU patients for 647,316 bed days. Pooled DA-HAI rates for adult and paediatric ICUs were 11.1 central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) per 1000 central line (CL)-days, 21.4 ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAPs) per 1000 mechanical ventilator (MV)-days and 7.5 catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) per 1000 urinary catheter-days. Pooled DA-HAI rates for NICUs were 30 CLABSIs per 1000 CL-days, and 15.8 VAPs per 1000 MV-days. Extra length of stay (LOS) in adult and paediatric ICUs was 19.4 for CLABSI, 8.7 for VAP and 10.1 for CAUTI. Extra LOS in NICUs was 13.1 for patients with CLABSI and 16.2 for patients with VAP. Extra crude mortality was 12% for CLABSI, 19.4% for VAP and 10.5% for CAUTI in ICUs, and 15.4% for CLABSI and 10.5% for VAP in NICUs. Pooled device use (DU) ratios for adult and paediatric ICUs were 0.54 for MV, 0.65 for CL and 0.88 for UC, and 0.12 for MV, and 0.09 for CL in NICUs. The CLABSI rate was 8.5 per 1,000 CL days in the Medical Surgical ICUs included in this study, which is higher than the INICC report rate of 4.9, and more than eight times higher than the NHSN rate of 0.9. Similarly, the VAP and CAUTI rates were higher compared with U. S. NHSN (22.3 vs. 1.1 for VAP; 7.9 vs. 1.2 for CAUTI) and with the INICC report (22.3 vs. 16.5 in VAP; 7.9 vs. 5.3 in CAUTI). Conclusions: DA-HAI rates and DU ratios in our ICUs were higher than those reported in the INICC global report and in the US NHSN report.
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    Paradoxical Reactions in Tuberculosis Treatment: Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Approach
    (Bilimsel Tip Yayinevi, 2024) Buyuktuna, Seyit Ali; Kurtaran, Behice; Ozsahin, Sefa Levent; Senol, Gunes; Kilic, Aysegul Ulu; Tasbakan, Meltem
    Paradoxical reactions (PR) refer to the worsening of clinical manifestations of tuberculosis (TB) after the initiation of TB treatment, particularly occurring during the recovery of immune function in immunocompromised individuals. This syndrome is also known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and is more common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although the mechanisms of PR are not fully understood, excessive inflammatory responses triggered by increased antigen load and rapid immune response are considered the main cause. This is associated with a strong T-cell response to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Paradoxical reactions in HIV-positive individuals after ART initiation is characterized by a sudden and intense activation of TB-fighting immune cells. Symptoms of PR include fever, lymphadenopathy, pulmonary infiltrates, and enlargement of existing TB lesions. A major diagnostic challenge is the exclusion of TB treatment-resistant mycobacterial infections or other infections. Management of PR mainly involves the continuation of TB and HIV treatment. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, can be used in severe PR cases. By reducing inflammation, corticosteroids can relieve the symptoms of the disease and improve the quality of life. However, the use of these drugs should be carefully monitored and side effects should be considered. Enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms behind paradoxical reactions and developing effective management strategies could significantly advance the fight against TB and HIV. This review aims to explore the mechanisms, diagnosis, and management strategies of paradoxical reactions in tuberculosis treatment.