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Öğe Approaches to the Low Grade Metamorphic History of the Karakaya Complex by Chlorite Mineralogy and Geochemistry(MDPI AG, 2015) Tetiker, Sema; Yalcin, Huseyin; Bozkaya, OmerIn this study, chlorite is used to investigate the diagenetic-metamorphic evolution and accurate geological history of the different units belonging to the Karakaya complex, Turkey. Primary and secondary chlorite minerals in the very low-grade metamorphic rocks display interference colors of blue and brown and an appearance of optical isotropy. Chlorites are present in the matrix, pores, and/or rocks units as platy/flaky and partly radial forms. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data indicate that Mg-Fe chlorites with entirely IIb polytype (trioctahedral) exhibit a variety of compositions, such as brunsvigite-diabantite-chamosite. The major element contents and structural formulas of chlorite also suggest these were derived from both felsic and metabasic source rocks. Trace and rare earth element (REE) concentrations of chlorites increase with increasing grade of metamorphism, and these geochemical changes can be related to the tectonic structures, formational mechanics, and environments present during their generation.Öğe Approaches to the Low-Grade Metamorphic History of the Karakaya Complex by Chlorite Mineralogy and Geochemistry(TMMOB JEOLOJI MUHENDISLERI ODASI, 2015) Tetiker, Sema; Yalcin, Huseyin; Bozkaya, OmerChlorite minerals are commonly found in the units of Karakaya Complex that reflect different tectonic settings and evolution. In this study, the availability of chlorites has been investigated as a parameter on the interpretation of the diagenetic-metamorphic evolution and revealing the geological history from the different units of the complex. Primary and secondary chlorite minerals in the low-very low-grade metamorphic rocks have interference colors of blue and brown and an optical isotropic appearance with very low birefringence. Chlorites are seen in the matrix, pores and/or pods of rocks as platy/flaky and partly radial forms. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) data; Mg-Fe chlorites with entirely IIb polytype (trioctahedral) exhibit various compositions such as brunsvigite-diabantite-chamosite. Furthermore, chlorite minerals correspond to felsic and metabasic origins in terms of the rocks from which they derived. Similarly, geochemical data such as the major element contents and structural formulas of chlorites also suggest a different composition and origin. Trace and especially rare earth element (REE) concentrations of chlorite minerals increase from schist towards slate depending on their degree of metamorphism and nature of the host rocks. This relationship can be significantly noticed in the chondrite-normalized REE and trace element patterns. These changes show that are they are related to the structures, formation mechanisms and tectonic environments of the chlorite minerals. In other words, they suggest that chlorites may play a key role in distinguishing of units with different geological history.Öğe Batı-orta pontidler’deki (Balıkesir, Bursa ve Tokat yöreleri) Karakaya karmaşığı birimlerinin mineralojik-petrografik ve jeokimyasal incelenmesi(Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 2009) Tetiker, Sema; Yalçın, Hüseyinİnceleme alanı; Balıkesir (Çal-Orhanlar-Havran), Bursa (Orhaneli-Demirtaş) ve Tokat (Turhal-Zile) yörelerinde bulunan Jura-öncesi yerleşmiş Paleotetis birimlerinden Permo-Triyas yaşlı Karakaya Karmaşığı'nı kapsamaktadır.Kuzey Batı Anadolu'da Alt Karakaya birimlerinden Nilüfer birimi'nin alt kesimi mavişist (glokofan şist, fillit, mermer), üst kesimi ise yeşilsist (sleyt, metabazalt, metatüf, mermer, metakumtaşı) fasiyesi; kireçtaşı blokları içeren Üst Karakaya birimleri psamitik (kumtaşı, silttaşı), pelitik (çamurtaşı, şeyl), karbonat (killi kireçtaşı, kireçtaşı, dolomit) ve spilitik bazalt ile temsil edilmektedir. Tokat yöresinde Alt Karakaya birimlerinden Turhal Metamorfitleri'nin alt kesiminde mavişist (glokofan şist), orta-üst kesiminde yeşilşist (fillit, sleyt, metakumtaşı, metabazalt, metatüf, metagabro, metadiyabaz, mermer); Üst Karakaya birimlerinden Devecidağ Karışığı'nda psamitik (metakumtaşı, metasilttaşı), pelitik (metaşeyl, sleyt), spilitik metabazalt ve karbonat (metakireçtaşı, kristalize kireçtaşı) kayaçları bulunmaktadır.Kuzey Batı Anadolu'da Alt Karakaya Birimi'nde bolluk sırasına göre fillosilikat (illit, klorit, stilpnomelan, smektit, kaolinit, C-S, I-S, C-V), feldispat, kalsit, kuvars, dolomit, piroksen (ojit, Ti-ojit), amfibol (hornblend, glokofan, tremolit/aktinolit, antofillit), hematit, epidot ve götit; Üst Karakaya birimlerinde kuvars, fillosilikat (illit, klorit, I-S, C-V, C-S, I-C, kaolinit, vermikülit, smektit), kalsit, dolomit, feldispat, epidot, ojit, hornblend, natrolit, hematit ve götit; Turhal Metamorfitleri'nde fillosilikat (klorit, illlit, kaolinit, smektit, paragonit, stilpnomelan, C-S, C-V, I-C, I-S), feldispat, kuvars, kalsit, piroksen (ojit, Ti-ojit), amfibol (glokofan, hornblend, tremolit/aktinolit), epidot, dolomit, hematit ve götit; Devecidağ Karışığı'nda fillosilikat (illit, klorit, C-S, C-V, I-C, I-S, smektit, kaolinit, prehnit), feldispat, kuvars, kalsit, piroksen (ojit, Ti-ojit), epidot, hematit ve dolomit tanımlanmıştır.Alt Karakaya birimlerine ait şamozitik bileşimli trioktahedral kloritler IIb; Turhal Metamorfitleri illitleri 2M1, Hodul Birimi ve Devecidağ Karışığı illitleri 1Md+1M+ve 2M1 politipine sahiptir.KI (? ? 2 ? ); Kuzey Batı Anadolu'da Alt Karakaya Birimi'nde 0.22-042 (ortalama 0.32, yüksek ankizon-epizon); Üst Karakaya birimlerinde 0.34-0.90 (ortalama 0.52, ankimetamorfik-yüksek diyajenetik); Tokat yöresinde Turhal Metamorfitleri'nde 0.12-0.47 (ortalama 0.27, epizon-ankizon) ve Devecidağ Karışığı'nda 0.21-0.54 (ortalama 0.33, ankizon-kısmen epizon) arasında değerler göstermektedir.Fenjitik bileşimli dioktahedral illitlerde b0 değerleri (Å); Kuzey Batı Anadolu'da Alt Karakaya için 9.024-9.048 Å (ortalama 9.039 Å, orta-yüksek basınç); Üst Karakaya için 9.000-9.048 (ortalama 9.024, orta basınç); Tokat yöresinde Turhal Metamorfitleri için 9.018-9.084 (ortalama 9.041, orta-yüksek basınç) ve Devecidağ Karışığı için 8.964-9.048 (ortalama 9.016, orta basınç) arasında değişmektedir.Karakaya Karmaşığı birimlerine ait (meta-)kumtaşları kıtasal ağırlıklı olmak üzere magmatik bir kaynaktan beslenmiş olup; çoğunlukla aktif kıtasal kenar ve kıtasal ada yayı ortamlarını işaret etmektedir. Genellikle alkali bileşimli olan bazaltik kayaçlar çoğunlukla manto bölgesinde yer almakta olup; Alt Karakaya birimleri E-MORB, Üst Karakaya birimleri OIB bileşimine yakındır.Alt Karakaya birimlerinin alt kesimleri (mavişist) dalma-batma zonuna; üst kesimleri (yeşil şist) yığışım prizmasına karşılık gelmekte olup; önce P-T-t, sonra tersi yönde metamorfizmaya uğramıştır. Üst Karakaya birimleri ise gerilmeli bir havzada P-T-t'nin tersi yönünde diyajenetik ve/veya ankimetamorfik süreçleri temsil etmektedir. Bu ortamlarda çökelen volkanosedimanter istifler; diyajenetik-metamorfik evrimlerinin yanı sıra, Kimmeriyen ve Alpin orojenezinin etkileri ile tektonik dilimlere ayrılarak ilksel konumlarını kaybetmişler ve sonuçta farklı anlamlara karşılık gelen bulgular ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak; Alt Karakaya birimlerinin oluşumu dalma-batma eklenme, buna karşın Üst Karakaya birimlerininki rift modeli ile açıklanabilir gözükmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Paleotetis, Metabazitler, (Meta-)klastikler, Diyajenez/ Metamorfizma, Jeotektonik OrtamÖğe Diagenesis and low grade metamorphism of Karakaya complex units in the NW Anatolia(Hacettepe Universitesi Yerbilmleri, 2009) Tetiker, Sema; Yalçin, Hüseyin; Bozkaya, ÖmerThe aim of this study is contribute to discussions concerning the formation of the Paleotethyan Permo-Triassic Karakaya Complex by revealing the diagenetic-metamorphic properties of the units within the Sakarya Composite Terrane in Northwestern Anatolia. The Nilüfer unit from the Lower Karakaya unit is represented by rocks of blueschist in the lower parts and greenschist facies in the upper parts. The Upper Karakaya unit has limestone blocks, made up of psammite, pelite and carbonate rocks associated with volcanics. In NW Anatolia, various mi- nerals have been determined, in order of abundance, as phyllosilicates (illite, chlorite, stilpnomelane, smectite, kaolinite, C-S, I-S, C-V), feldspar, calcite, quartz, dolomite, pyroxene (augite, Ti-augite), amphibole (hornblende, glaucophane, tremolite/actinolite, anthophyllite), hematite, epidote and goethite in the Lower Karakaya unit, and quartz, phyllosilicates (illite, chlorite, I-S, C-V, C-S, I-C, kaolinite, vermiculite, smectite), calcite, dolomite, feldspar, epidote, augite, hornblende, natrolite, hematite and goethite in the Upper Karakaya units. Trioctahedral chamozitic chlorites and phengitic dioctahedral illites have, respectively, IIb polytypes and 2M1+1M +1Md in the Nilüfer, Orhanlar and Çal units. Kübler index (KI) and Arkai index (AI) data correspond to low-grade anchizone and epizone for the Nilüfer Unit, high grade diagenesis for the Hodul Unit, high grade diagenesis and low grade anchizone for the Orhanlar Unit, and low grade diagenesis for the Çal Unit. The b0 values of illites show as moderate to high for the Lower Karakaya units, but mostly as a moderate pressure facies series for the Upper Karakaya units. According to the textural features, mineral associations, clay/phyllosilicate transformations, typical index minerals and crystallochemical data of phyllosilicates, the Lower Karakaya units were formed in high pressure/low temperature conditions in a compressional basin, whereas the Upper Karakaya units reflect the diagenetic/metamorphic characteristics of an extensional basin dominated by low heat flow.Öğe Diagenesis/Metamorphism History of Lower Triassic Cigli Group Rocks in Uludere-Uzungecit (Sirnak) area (Eastern Part of the Southeast Anatolian Autochthone)(TMMOB JEOLOJI MUHENDISLERI ODASI, 2016) Tetiker, Sema; Yalcin, Huseyin; Bozkaya, OmerThis study aims to reveal the mineralogical characteristics of the carbonate and pelitic rocks in the Lower Triassic Cigli Group in the Uludere-Uzungecit (Sirnak) region from Southeast Anatolian Autochthone (SEAA). Cigli Group is represented by Yoncali Formation (dolomite-siltstone-shale with limestone intercalation), Uludere Formation (shale/shale with carbonate-clayey limestone intercalated with dolomite) and Uzungecit Formation (limestone with chert nodule-dolomitic limestone-shale) from bottom to top. In order of abundances of minerals obtained by XRD investigations as follows; Yoncali Formation contains carbonate (calcite, dolomite), feldspar, phyllosilicate (illite, chlorite) and goethite minerals, and Uludere Formation is made up of carbonate (calcite, dolomite), quartz, feldspar, phyllosilicate (illite, chlorite, mixed-layered chlorite-vermiculite/C-V, and very minor amount of kaolinite in only a sample) and hematite minerals. Uzungecit Formation has carbonate (dolomite, calcite), silica (quartz, opal-CT, moganite), phyllosilicate (chlorite, illite), and feldspar and hematite minerals. On the basis of illit Kubler Index values; Yoncali Formation reflects the degrees of anchizone; as for Uludere and Uzungecit formations, they have the degrees of anchizone-high diagenesis, respectively. Similarly, Chlorite Arkai Index (AI, degrees 2 theta) values indicate the grades of anchizone-diagenesis. Illites exhibit 2M(1) ve 2M(1) + 1M + 1M(d) polytypes and the values of b unit-cell distances show a composition close to ideal muscovite and low pressure conditions. The rocks of the Cigli Group offer differences in terms of rare occurrence of kaolinite, appearance of moganite and C-V and the dominance of dolomite and hematite in most levels, and diagenesis/metamorphism grades are also high, when compared with the equivalent units in the Diyarbakir-Hazro area. Lower Triassic series regionally seem to have a deeper depositional environment, and have relatively higher maturation because of the volcanic feeding and tectonic burial in the Diyarbakir-Sirnak direction from west to east.Öğe Evidence of the diagenetic history of sediment composition in Precambrian-early Paleozoic rocks: a systematic study from the Southeast Anatolian Autochthon, Mardin (Derik-KA +/- zA +/- ltepe), Turkey(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2015) Tetiker, Sema; Yalcin, Huseyin; Bozkaya, OmerThe mineralogical properties of the Precambrian-early Paleozoic series have been investigated in the Southeast Anatolian Autochthon (SEAA) and are represented by generally clayey siliciclastic and rarer volcanogenic rocks. These include basalt, andesite, and volcanic sandstones of the Precambrian period; siliceous sandstone, dolomite, shale, and siltstone of the Cambrian period; and sandy dolomite, shale, siltstone, sandstone, and limestone with red Fe nodules of the Lower-Upper Ordovician period. The rock-forming minerals determined in order of abundance are feldspar, pyroxene, quartz, and olivine in the Precambrian unit; quartz, moganite, calcite, dolomite, feldspar, and phyllosilicates (illite, chlorite, mixed-layered illite-smectite/I-S, smectite) in the Cambrian units; and phyllosilicates (kaolinite, illite, chlorite, I-S, mixed-layered chlorite-vermiculite/C-V, smectite), quartz, feldspar, calcite, dolomite, moganite, and goethite in the Lower-Upper Ordovician units. Short prismatic and partly radiating moganites discovered in the early Paleozoic sediments in Turkey are present between euhedral and coarse-grained quartz and feldspar in the sandstones. Thin platy illites have undergone a transition that introduces a fibrous/thread-like mixed-layer I-S through their edges. The rhombohedral dolomites have dissolution traces associated with siliceous balls, long thin filament-shaped illites, and acicular-radial chlorites. Illites usually show coarse and tiny plates parallel to each other and partly radiating flakes, and chamosite-type chlorites form thick plates in the siliciclastics. Kaolinites consist of typical pseudohexagonal sheets with parallel or accordion-like booklets in the siltstones. The Kubler index indicates low- to high-grade diagenesis to low-grade diagenesis, signifying that the location partially differs from the other units of the SEAA and Taurus Belt. In addition, Paleozoic rocks reflect no maturation characteristics with respect to the petroleum system.Öğe Güneydoğu Anadolu Otoktonu-Doğu Bölümü (Mardin-Derik Bölgesi) kayaçlarının diyajenez/metamorfizma özelliklerinin incelenmesi(2012) Tetiker, Sema; Yalçın, Hüseyin; Bozkaya, Ömer[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Karakaya karmaşığı'nın düşük dereceli metamorfk tarihçesine kloritmineralojisi ve jeokimyası ile yaklaşımlar(2015) Tetiker, Sema; Yalçın, Hüseyin; Bozkaya, ÖmerKarakaya Karmaşığına ait farklı tektonik konum ve evrime sahip birimlerde yaygın olarak klorit mineralleribulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada karmaşığın diyajenetik-metamorfk evriminin yorumlanmasında ve farklıbirimlerin jeolojik tarihçelerinin aydınlatılmasında kloritlerin bir parametre olarak kullanılabilirliğiaraştırılmıştır. Düşük-çok düşük dereceli metamorfk kayaçlarda birincil ve ikincil kökenli olabilenklorit mineralleri; mavi ve kahverengi girişim renklerine ve oldukça düşük çift kırıcılık gösteren optikizotropik görünüme sahiptirler. Kloritler kayaçların matriksinde, gözeneklerinde ve/veya podlardalevhamsı/yapraksı ve yer yer ışınsal biçimlerde görülmektedir. X-ışınları kırınımı (XRD) verilerine göre;bütünüyle IIb politipine sahip olan Mg-Fe kloritler (trioktahedral) brunsvigit-diyabantit-şamozit gibi farklıbileşimler sergilemektedir. Ayrıca, klorit mineralleri türedikleri kayaçlar bakımından felsik ve metabazikkökene karşılık gelmektedir. Benzer biçimde kloritlerin ana element içerikleri ve yapısal formülleri gibijeokimyasal verileri de farklı bileşim ve kökene işaret etmektedir. Klorit minerallerinin iz ve özelliklenadir toprak element (NTE) içerikleri metamorfzma derecesi ile bulundukları kayaca bağlı olarak şisttensleyte doğru artmaktadır. Bu ilişki kondrit-normalize edilmiş iz element ve NTE dağılımlarında belirginolarak fark edilebilmektedir. Bu değişimlerin klorit minerallerinin yapıları, oluşum mekanizmaları veoluştukları tektonik ortamlar ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer bir ifadeyle, kloritlerin farklıjeolojik tarihçeye sahip birimlerin ayırt edilmesinde anahtar bir rol oynayabileceğini düşündürmektedir.Öğe Metamorphic evolution of the Karakaya Complex in northern Turkey based on phyllosilicate mineralogy(SPRINGER WIEN, 2015) Tetiker, Sema; Yalcin, Huseyin; Bozkaya, Omer; Goncuoglu, M. CemalThe Triassic Karakaya Complex (KC) of the Sakarya Composite Terrane in northern Turkey is traditionally subdivided into two units. The Lower Karakaya Complex (LKC) consists of a tectonic m,lange with blocks of metabasic rocks, metacarbonates, meta-arenites and metapelites that have been affected by high pressure/low temperature metamorphism. It is followed by a low pressure/low temperature metamorphic overprint; the latter is the only metamorphic event in some tectonic slivers of the LKC. The Upper Karakaya Complex (UKC) units are primarily composed of diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic rocks, comprising Late Permian and Triassic cherts and blocks of OIB-type volcanic rocks interfingering with Anisian limestones. LKC slide-blocks of variable sizes are frequently observed within the UKC. Phyllosilicates of LKC and UKC were examined for their abundance, crystallinity, polytype and b cell dimension. Trioctahedral chamositic chlorites have IIb polytype and phengites 2 M (1) polytypes in the LKC units and 2 M (1) + 1 M + 1M (d) polytypes of phengitic dioctahedral illites in the UKC units. Kubler index data correspond to the low anchizone and epizone for the LKC units, and to the high diagenesis-low anchizone, and in part to the epizone for the UKC units. The b values of illites are consistent with a high-pressure facies series for the LKC, but only intermediate-pressure facies for the UKC. According to textural features, mineral paragenesis, clay transformations, index minerals, and b values, the lower-middle parts of the LKC represent an accretional tectonic setting, whereas the UKC units reflect pressure temperature conditions of an extensional basin affected by high heat flow.Öğe Mineral Chemistry of Chlorite and Illite/Mica in the Clastic Rocks of Karakaya Complex: Origin and Diagenesis/Metamorphism(TMMOB JEOLOJI MUHENDISLERI ODASI, 2018) Bozkaya, Omer; Yalcin, Huseyin; Tetiker, SemaThe Karakaya Complex units representing the relicts of environments related with the closure of PreJurassic Paleotethys Ocean outcrop within the Sakarya Composite Terrane. The compositions of illite/white micas change among muscovite-illite-phengite that illite/white micas with detrital and authigenic origins are close to muscovitic (Si-avg = 3.15, (Na+ K) avg = 0.81) and illitic compositions (Si-avg = 3.22, (Na+K)(avg) = 0.74), respectively. Paragonite (Si-avg = 2.96, Na= 0.78, K= 0.10) and NaK micas (Si-avg = 3.09, Na= 0.45, K= 0.34) are typical for extentional basins that are determined in the upper parts of the Turhal Metamorphites corresponding to the subgreenschist facies of the Karakaya Complex. The chlorites are of entirely trioctahedral and authigenic ones (Si-avg = 5.67, Fe avg = 5.05) have higher SiIVand lower FeVI contents in comparison with detrital ones. Chlorites have chamositic in the Hodul Unit, whereas clinochlore composition in the Orhanlar Unit. Detrital micas with high Mg (5.70-7.59) and Cr (0.09-0.16) contents are also identified in the Orhanlar Unit more common and in the Turhal Metamorphites as a few grains that are evaluated as evidences the presence Pre-Triassique ophiolitic rocks. The data of chlorite chemistry indicate the origins of felsic for Turhal Metamorphites, metabasic (probably remains of Paleotethys) for Orhanlar Unit and felsic and metapelitic with rich in Al and extreme rich in Fe. The data of chlorite geothermometry and phengite geobarometer indicate a temperature ranging from 150 to 300 degrees C and a pressure between 0.5-1.2 kbar, respectively. These values reflect the the high temperature-low pressure metamorphism for the upper part of the Karakaya Complex representing sub-greenschist facies and low-middle temperature-low pressure diagenesis conditions for sub-greenschist facies units of the Karakaya rift.Öğe Mineralogical and geochemical features of colored benthic foraminifers from Aegean and southwestern coasts of Turkey(MICRO PRESS, 2008) Yalcin, Huseyin; Meric, Engin; Avsar, Niyazi; Tetiker, Sema; Barut, Ipek F.; Yilmaz, Sener; Dincer, FeyzaWe studied a total of 24 genera and 41 species of modern benthic foraminifers with colored shells from 49 samples collected from the Gokceada region. Southwestern Bozeaada, eastern Mitilini in the northeast Aegean Sea and from different points along the shores of southwest Antalya. d((104)) reflection and MgCO3 content of shell calcite vary between 2.979-3.035 angstrom and 0.33-19.00 mole%, respectively. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of whole shells range between 2.95-51.51 and 1.45-10.44 [mmol/mol]. These values are normalized to maximum and minimum concentrations in chemical analyses from whole shells and shell surfaces in colored and colorless foraminifers. Enrichments in metallic elements seem to be related to absorption depending on qualitative and quantitative measurements of shell structures, although variations are also related to mineralogical composition of shells. Hypothetically ions transferred with hot waters from active faults on the sea-floorand/or the ions transported with cold water runoff from land may cause abnormal enrichment of some metals within foraminifer shells and/or secondary metabolic enrichment of foraminifer shells during life.Öğe Mineralogy of volcaniclastic rocks of Eocene age around Ulas (Sivas Basin) region(Tmmob Jeoloji Muhendisleri Odasi, 2013) Tetiker, Sema; Yalcin, HuseyinThe study area covers volcanic-volcanosedimentary units of Eocene age in the Sivas-Ulas area. The pyroclastic (tuffaceous claystone / siltsone / sandstone, crystal ash tuff) and volcanic (basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite) rocks of the Karacalar member from Kalekoy formation include volcanogenic (plagioclase, augite, hornblende, biotite), diagenetic (K-feldspar, mixed-layered chlorite-smectite / C-S, chlorite, smectite, analcime) and post-volcanic (calcite, dolomite, quartz) minerals. The volcanogenic (plagioclase), diagenetic (K-feldspar, C-S, chlorite, smectite), post-volcanic (quartz, calcite, dolomite) and detrital (illite) minerals were observed in the epiclastic (shale, siltstone, calcareous siltstone, sandstone, calcareous sandstone) and chemical ( limestone, gypsum) rocks of the Yapali member from this formation. C-S and chlorite amounts increase, but illite content decreases in the vertical direction of the formation. C-S + K-feldspar zoning is widely developed by due to the interaction between sea-water and volcanic glass in basic-intermediate composition, on the basis of optic and electron microscopes and also X-rays data. This zone corresponds to the deeper parts of the Sivas basin in the Eocene period and show vertically a transition into zeolite zone in approximately northern parts of the basin (Yavu area).Öğe Phyllosilicate/Clay Geochemistry of Mineralogy and Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene Germav Formation in Mardin-Dargecit Area(TMMOB JEOLOJI MUHENDISLERI ODASI, 2018) Tetiker, Sema; Akman, Adile Kubra; Yalcin, HuseyinIn this study, it is aimed to determine the mineralogical and geochemical features of the rocks from the Germav Formation of Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene age belonging to Sirnak Group. The clastic and chemical originated rocks of the unit show different grain size, mineralogical composition and textural relations as epiclastic (sandstone, sandstone with carbonate), pelitic (shale) and clayey-sandy carbonate (marl, sandy limestone). Rock forming minerals determined by XRD; in the order of abundance calcite, phyllosilicate /clay (chlorite, C-S, C-V, vermiculite, illite, rarely serpentine, I-C and I-V), quartz, feldspar, dolomite, hematite and goethite. According to the results of OM, SEM and XRD examinations in the unit; there are also detrital minerals transported from metamorphic and ophiolitic units as well as diagenetic minerals. The phyllosilicate /clay minerals with different chemical composition are rich in Al2O3, tFe(2)O(3) and/or MgO. Trace element and REE concentrations are mostly observed in chlorite and least in vermiculite mineral. The contents of phyllosilicate /clay minerals when compared with the chondrite values; the patterns of the samples are distinct from each other, although the enrichments-depletions vary on the basis of the derived rocks, minerals and elements. Phyllosilicate /clay minerals exhibit significant variation /differentiation /partition according to the chondrite and NASC compositions in terms of trace and REE contents.Öğe Recent Colored Benthic Foraminifers and Their Mineralogical and Geochemical Features in the Aegean and Southwestern Mediterranean (Gokceada-Bozcaada-Mitilini Islands and Antalya) Coasts(Tmmob Jeoloji Muhendisleri Odasi, 2006) Yalcin, Huseyin; Meric, Engin; Avsar, Niyazi; Tetiker, Sema; Barut, Iper F.; Yilmaz, Sener; Dincer, FeyzaThis study was performed on the recent fbraminiftral samples of totally 49 collected from Gokceada surroundings, southwestern Bozcaada, eastern Mitilini in the northeast of Aegean Sea and in different points of shores in the southwest of Antalya. Total 24 genus and 41 species of foraminifers with colored shells were distinguished in the four regions. d((104)) reflection and MgCO3 contents) of calcites vary between 2.979-3.035 angstrom and 0.33-19.00 % mole, respectively Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of whole shells have values of 2.95-51.51 and 1.45-10.44. The values are normalized by considering maximum and minimum concentrations are respectively due to colorful and colorless foraminifer shells in the chemical analyses from whole shells and their surfaces. The enrichments in amounts of particularly metallic elements concern with absorption depending on qualitative and quantitative of shell structures although the variations are also related to mineralogical compositions of shells. It can be considered that the ions transferred into hot waters coming from active faults in the sea floor and/or the ions transported with cold waters releasing from land are enriched in the sea, and finally they caused an abnormal contamination within the shells and/or secondarily richness during metabolism by livings.Öğe Sivas-Kangal havzası Kalburçayırı kömür yatağının inorganik mineralojisi ve jeokimyası(Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 2003) Tetiker, Sema; Yalçın, Hüseyinİnceleme alanı, Sivas'ın yaklaşık 100 km güneydoğusundaki Kangal ilçesinin Kalbıırçayın Köyü'nlin çevresindeki kömür yatağını kapsamakta olup, bu çalışmada kömüre eşlik eden volkanosedimanter kayaçlann ve bunların diyajenetik alterasyon ürünlerinin mineralojik ve jeokimyasal özelliklerinin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Kangal baseni, Orta Miyosen-Geç Pliyosen yaşlı akarsu, göl ve/veya playa çökellerinden oluşmakta ve farklı fasiyeslere karşılık gelen mineralojik değişimler ile temsil edilmektedir. Kömürlü seviyelere eşlik eden kuvars ve feldispat ile ender bulunan hornblend pirojenık kökenlidir. Ortaç bileşimli piroklastik ürünlerin, özellikle volkanik camın diyajenetik evrede bozuşmasından açığa çıkan katyonlardan Si ve Al kil minerallerinin; Fe pirit ve markasitin oluşumunda kullanılmıştır. Kömürleşmeden açığa çıkan S jips ve anhidritin; çevredeki kayaçlanndan taşman Ca kalsit ve aragonitin; Mg ise Mg-kalsit ve paligorskitin bileşimine katkıda bulunmuştur. Ender olarak gözlenen bari t ve viteritin yapısındaki Ba'un kaynağını ise volkanik cam ve/veya K-feldispatlar oluşturmaktadır. Kaolinitin yer yer tonştayn tipi tabakalara bağımlı olması; bu mineralin feldispattan ziyade, volkanik camdan türediğini kanıtlamaktadır. Smektitlerin ender de olsa bentontik tabakalar oluşturması, bu mineralin oluşum biçimininin ipuçlarını vermektedir. Diğer bir ifade ile, volkanik camdan itibaren kaolinit yerine smektitinoluşumu gerçekleşmiştir. Volkanik camın killeşmesinden artan silis ise çoğunlukla opal- A, ender olarak kristobalit ve/veya tridimitin baskın olduğu opal-CT biçiminde kristallenmiştir. Bazı örneklerde belirlenen eser veya düşük miktardaki illit, biyotitin kil boyu fraksiyonunu temsil etmektedir. Piroklastik kayaçlarda feldispatların korunmuş olması, I-S'in feldispattan ziyade kaolinitinkine benzer bir biçimde volkanik camdan itibaren oluşmuş gözükmektedir. Klorit, C-S ve I-S biyotitlerin ve/veya volkanik camın alterasyonu sonucu gelişmiştir. Ultramafiklerden taşınan Mg iyonlarının paleogölde önemli bir konsantrasyona ulaşması sonucu, dolomit ve/veya paligorskitin çözeltiden itibaren senetezlenmesi olasıdır. Kömür zonlarına eşlik eden sülfat minerallerinden jips ve anhidrit diyajenetik minerallerdir. Ancak melanterit, sizomolnokit ve jarosit mineralleri piritin yüzeysel bozunma ürünlerini temsil etmektedir. Bozuşmuş piroklastik ürünlerin, taze eşdeğerlerine göre içerdikleri elementlerin ortalama ile minumum ve maksimum değerler arasındaki aşırı değişimlerin, örneklerdeki bozuşmalar sonucu meydana gelen mineral topluluklarının farklı olması ile ilişkilidir. Bozuşmuş volkanojenik malzemelerdeki hareketsiz elementlerin miktarları tüflerinki ile aynı olmayıp, farklılıklar göstermektedir. Diğer bir ifade ile, farklı bozuşma derecelerine sahip kayaçlarda, önemli ve farklı element hareketliliği gerçekleşmiştir. Anahtar
