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    Ammi visnaga L. and Nanocarrier Approaches in the Treatment of Skin Diseases
    (Marmara Univ, 2022) Esenturk-Guzel, Imren; Topuzoglu, Sehernaz; Abdo, Luceyn; Gurer, Eda Sonmez; Yapar, Evren Algin
    Ammi visnaga L. is a plant that grows naturally in Europe and is very common in Turkiye. It has various pharmacological effects due to its gamma-pyrones, coumarins, flavonoids and essential oils content. And its major phytocontituent khellin, which has a furanochrorne structure obtained by extraction from the seeds of the Armin visnaga L. is effective on the photochemotherapy of skin diseases. In this context, researches on topical delivery of khellin has been increased and the use of nanocarriers has gain attention to achieve optimised efficacy and stability related khellin, for the treatment of some skin diseases especially psoriasis and vitiligo. In this review, studies on the efficacy of khellin, which is the major phytocontituent of Atnnti visnaga L.in the treatment of skin diseases and topical delivery of it via nanocarrier systems has been overviewed to draw attention to the potential of herbal sources accompained modern carrier systems in the treatment.
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    Asian Veterinary Medicines: From the Past to the Future
    (Marmara Univ, 2023) Goyal, Shuchi; Thirumal, Divya; Yapar, Evren Algin; Gurer, Eda Sonmez; Kumar, Ashok; Babu, M. Arockia; Sindhu, Rakesh K.
    Asia has plentiful and varied vegetation which is made into active ingredients like probiotics, antimicrobials, and parasiticides are employed to cure or prevent transmission of pathogens as well as to enhance the health of viable cells. World Health Organization researchers have identified over 21,000 plant species that have been used medicinally across the globe. Herbal medicines are risk-free, low-cost, and easy to find. Plants provide 25% of the medications stipulated globally. Almost 75% of pharmaceutical plants grow in nature in various parts of Asia. These plants are known to provide therapeutic effects to various infirmities like poisoning, eczema, osteoporosis, stomachaches, and so on. Veterinary herbal medicines are herbal pharmaceuticals with their remedies, preventive, and indicative uses in zoological cures. Exploring the area of ethnoveterinary medicine is rather unkempt as compared to query on queriesntional cures to diagnose, although growing interest using driven in that prospect. The herbal possessions of Asia also offer the individuals who tend to stock a lush reservoir in contemplating the cure of the animals. Additionally, authenticating and registering the conventional aids and supplies are necessary to ensure it on better to the forthcoming vision. With their recognized molecular processes and potential for further analysis as a prospect for future pharmaceutical drug design and development, traditional medicine/herbal plants are used to treat various diseases in Asian nations.
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    DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF PROPOLIS-HPC/PVP ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS FOR POSSIBLE CUTANEOUS APPLICATIONS
    (Soc Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania, 2024) Esenturk-Guzel, Imren; Yapar, Evren Algin; Cavalu, Simona; Seker, Brahim Tugkan; Inal, Ebrar; Kartal, Murat; Koc, Rabia Cakir
    The aim of the study was to prepare propolis loaded hydroxypropyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (HPC/PVP) nanofibers, suitable for cutaneous applications. LC-HRMS analyses were applied for the identification and quantification of the bio-compounds in the propolis extract. Electrospinning was applied in order to prepare propolis HPC/PVP nanofibers with increasing concentration of propolis 10%, 20% and 30 % (v/v) and subsequently characterized in terms of morphology, wettability, thermal degradation and biological properties. SEM images showed homogenous features of the nanofibers and average diameter between 197.2 - 268.4 nm, high antioxidant activity, very good biocompatibility and no cytotoxicity. Particularly, with the highest propolis concentration, 30-PE/HPC/PVP nanofiber formulation is a promising alternative to conventional treatments for cutaneous applications.
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    DEVELOPMENT OF HERBAL BIOACTIVE LOADED NANOPARTICLES FOR TOPICAL APPLICATION IN VITILIGO
    (Soc Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania, 2023) Abdo, Luceyn; Esenturk-Guzel, Imren; Topuzoglu, Sehernaz; Yurtsever, Asli Gurbuz; Erdal, Meryem Sedef; Yapar, Evren Algin
    Vitiligo is characterised by the appearance of white lesions on the skin, which are mainly caused by depigmentation of the skin due to the destruction of selective melanocytes. Ammi visnaga L. is a plant that grows widely in Mediterranean climate regions and khellin is one of its major components. Khellin stimulates the migration and proliferation of melanocytes in hair follicles. Both oral and dermal use of khellin is available, but some systemic side effects such as nausea and hepatotoxicity can be accompanied by oral administration. In the case of dermal application, poor skin penetration of khellin related to its lipophilicity needs to be overcome. In this study, khellin loaded cellulose acetate phthalate nanoparticles were developed to be used in the topical treatment of vitiligo by using Taguchi Orthogonal Array Design in the preliminary formulation studies. The characterization studies were carried out by determination of the size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of nanoparticles and in vitro drug release and ex vivo penetration studies were carried out to evaluate their performance. The optimum nanoparticle formulation was found as an average size of 217.8 nm, PDI value of 0.11, zeta potential of -18.4 mV and encapsulation efficiency of 34.2%. Khellin loaded nanoparticles released 75% of khellin during 24 hours in a controlled manner. In addition, incorporation of khellin nanoparticles into HPMC gel increased the amount of khellin accumulated in the deep layers of the skin.
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    Development of phytoactive essential oils-composed organogels against oral pathogens
    (Elsevier, 2024) Yapar, Evren Algin; Gokce, Evren H.; Sahiner, Asli; Inal, Ebrar; Ulusoy, Seyma; Souto, Eliana B.; Akanoglu, Beyza
    Gingivitis, one of the most common periodontal diseases, is the inflammation of the gingival tissues that causes swelling, tenderness, redness and bleeding. The treatment should contain anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant agents to decrease the risk of dental plaque formation and periodontal tissue damage in the inflammatory process. In line with the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant effects of the geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L'Her.) herb, common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) herb, and mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) leaf, in this work we propose their use as active pharmaceutical ingredients of periodontal gels. The organogel formulations were produced either by microwave-assisted irradiation method or by the conventional approach (microwave-free), and further characterized for their physicochemical properties, antimicrobial efficacy and cell viability. Among them, the gel formulation containing 4 % geranium essential oil obtained by the conventional method was identified as the best candidate to be developed as an effective and safe alternative suitable for oromucosal applications.
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    Nanodelivery Approaches of Phytoactives for Skin Cancers: Current and Future Perspectives
    (Bentham Science Publ Ltd, 2025) Yapar, Evren Algin; Ozdemir, Merve Nur; Durgun, Meltem Ezgi; Dagistan, Ozlem Akbal; Cavalu, Simona; Ozsoy, Yildiz; Kartal, Murat
    In recent years, there has been an increase in skin cancers due to external factors, especially environmental factors, and studies on treatment alternatives have gained importance. Nanomaterials are common, from sunscreen formulas to formulations designed to treat skin cancers at various stages. Using bioactives has multiple effects in treating skin cancers, which provides many advantages. In this regard, many phytochemicals gain importance with their antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and analgesic effects. Their delivery with nanocarriers is on the agenda for phytochemicals to gain the targeted stability, effectiveness, and toxicity/safety properties. This review presents types of skin cancers, phytochemicals effective in skin cancers, and their nanocarrier-loaded studies from an up-to-date perspective.
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    Phytoactive essential oils-composed water-free organogels: Development, characterization and proof of antibacterial activity
    (Elsevier, 2024) Yapar, Evren Algin; Gokce, Evren H.; Sahiner, Asli; Inal, Ebrar; Ulusoy, Seyma; Souto, Eliana B.; Akanoglu, Beyza
    The objective of this study was to develop and analyze a gel-like formulation that does not contain water, made from natural compounds found in essential oils, which are known for their antimicrobial properties and ability to reduce inflammation. Lentisk tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) and myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) grow in the mild climate of Eurasia and are receiving particular attention for their medicinal and aromatic value. Two distinct concentrations of selected essential oils (EOs) were tested, dispersed in organogels based on 3 % (m/V) Carbopol 974P NF in PEG 400. Prior to formulation development, selected EOs were characterized by mass spectroscopy to identify the dominating bioactives. A total of 32 compounds were quantified for lentisk leaf EO, 42 for yarrow EO, and 26 for myrtle leaf EO. The best formulations were found for the highest concentration of EOs (4 %, m/m) into Carbopol/PEG400 organogels. Organogels were produced by high-speed homogenization followed by microwave heating and showed acceptable pH between 5.8 and 6.0, being compatible with the skin, with an electrical conductivity highest for yarrow EO-based organogel (YIG4%, -64 mV), and the lowest for myrtle EO-based organogel (MIG4%, -48 mV). Texture analysis showed the highest adhesion properties for lentisk EO-based organogel (LIG4%), attributed to its higher viscosity recorded for the two tested temperatures (25 degrees C vs 37 degrees C). Rheological analysis confirmed that organogels have pseudoplastic behaviour. The antibacterial activity was compared between plain EOs and EOs-based organogels, with the yarrow EO and its organogel (YIG4%) depicting the highest activity against both tested bacterial strains (S. aureus and C. acnes). On the other hand, MIG4% contributed for the highest cell proliferation rate tested in a mouse embryo fibroblast cell line (3T3-L1), whereas with LIG4% the lowest viability value was recorded.
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    Phytoactive Molecules and Nanodelivery Approaches for Breast Cancer Treatment: Current and Future Perspectives
    (Bentham Science Publ Ltd, 2024) Yapar, Evren Algin; Ozdemir, Merve Nur; Cavalu, Simona; Dagistan, Ozlem Akbal; Ozsoy, Yildiz; Kartal, Murat
    One of the most common malignancies in women, breast cancer accounts for nearly 25% of all cancer cases. Breast cancer is a diverse cancer form that exhibits variability in both morphology and molecular characteristics and is linked to numerous risk factors. Although various approaches and research are ongoing in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer, medication resistance in the current breast cancer treatment contributes to the disease's relapse and recurrence. Phytoactive molecules are the subject of growing research in both breast cancer prevention and treatment, but currently used conventional medicines and techniques limit their application. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the field of nanotechnology, which has proven to be essential in the fight against drug resistance. The transport of synthetic and natural anticancer molecules via nanocarriers has recently been added to breast cancer therapy, greatly alleviating the constraints of the current approach. In light of these developments, interest in nano-delivery studies of phytoactive molecules has also increased. In this review, research of phytoactive molecules for breast cancers along with their clinical studies and nanoformulations, was presented from current and future perspectives.
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    Tobacco: Its Conventional and Modern Dosage Forms in Medication
    (Galenos Publ House, 2022) Esentuerk-guezel, Imren; Yapar, Evren Algin; Sindhu, Rakesh K.; Kaur, Harnoor; Kara, Bilge Ahsen
    Tobacco is one of the most planted products in worldwide and the whole Nicotiana tabacum L. plant, its leaves, flowers, seeds or roots, and individual chemical compounds have medicinal uses such as as sedative, diuretic, or expectorant. From the past to the present, tobacco has been used in various dosage forms including oral/ transdermal films, sublingual tablets, mouth/nasal spray, and inhaler. In addition, Tobacco is a very valuable plant with uses in medicine and bioengineering applications. In this review, it was aimed to give information about the tobacco plant and its medicinal uses and also the pharmaceutical dosage forms as well as novel delivery systems of nicotine compound of tobacco via comprehensively search method of the literature by using Pubmed, ScienceDirect, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar databases for articles published in peer-reviewed journals from mostly 2016 to 2021. It is also aimed to draw attention to the pharmaceutical use of tobacco plant instead of potential harmful uses. In conclusion, there is need to be carried out new studies to enlighten the exact mechanisms of tobacco and its major compound of nicotine on other diseases such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and prose memory and attention than smoking cessation therapy and evaluate its safety and develop more effective novel pharmaceutical dosage forms.