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    HIGH MOBILITY GROUP BOX-1 LEVELS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: POTENTIAL BIOMARKER OF REMISSION PHASE
    (Soc Medical Biochemists Serbia, 2021) Yilmaz, Nuryil; Yelboga, Zekeriya; Yilmaz, Yavuz; Demirpence, Ozlem
    Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder, characterized byacute exacerbation and remission phases.Immune system has a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) is a macrophage secreted protein activating immune cells to produce cytokines. The aim of this study was to evaluate HMGB-1 levels among patients with schizophrenia both in acute exacerbation and remission phases. Methods: Consecutive schizophrenia patients in acute exacerbation and remission phases were enrolled and compared with each other and with age-sex matched healthy subjects. Patients were assessed with the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). Results: Mean HMGB-1 levels were not significantly different in acute exacerbation phase versus remission phase schizophrenia patients (2.139 +/- 0.564 mu g/L vs. 2.326 +/- 0.471 mu g/L, p=0.335) and both were individually higher than the control group (1.791 +/- 0.444 mu g/L, p=0.05 for acute exacerbation vs control, p=0.002 for remission vs control). In remission phase schizophrenic patients, HMGB-1 levels were positively correlated with Scale For The Assessment of Positive Symptoms (r=0.447, p=0.015) and BPRS (r=0.397, p=0.033) scores and HMGB-1 levels were independently associated with BPRS. Conclusions: Serum HMGB-1 levels were shown to be increased in patients with schizophrenia patients irrespec- tive of phase, there were no differences between patients in acute exacerbation and remission phase in terms of biomarker and HMGB-1 levels were related to symptom severity according to psychiatric scales among patients in remission phase of schizophrenia.
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    Metacognitive beliefs of posttraumatic stress disorder patients
    (Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2019) Yazihan, Nakidil; Yelboga, Zekeriya
    Objective: The concept of metacognition can be described as metacognitive structures controlling, arranging and assessing the cognitions. The aim of this study was to investigate metacognitive beliefs and their relationship with the psychological symptoms of posttrumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. Method: The sample consisted of 52 posttraumatic stress disorder patients (mean age=31,67 +/- 6,54) and 54 healthy participants (mean age=29,00 +/- 6,61). Metacognitive beliefs were measured through Metacognitive Questionnaire-30 which is accepted as a measuring device of metacognitive beliefs, metacognitive processes and judgment. To describe symptom profiles Symtom Checklist-90 was used. Results: Data were analyzed by using MANCOVA. PTSD group scores were significantly higher than control group for uncontrallability and danger (includes items that worry and rumination are negative, dangerous and difficult to control); need to control thoughts (includes items that some thoughts are need to be controlled and suppressed) and finally lack of cognitive confidence (includes items about problems related to memory and attention). On the other hand, positive beliefs about thoughts which involves the items related to the idea that worry and rumination is functional was lower among individuals with PTSD. Discussion: Trauma patients think that worry and rumination have negative consequences, and some thoughts need to be controlled and supressed as they are dangerous. The elevation of clinical symptoms such as obsession, depression and psychotic symptoms were correlated with the increase of abnormal metacognitive belifs. Thoughts are dangerous and need to be controlled, appear to be related to obsesive thoughts, anger and hostility and interpersonal sensitivity sypmtoms.