Besin - Gıda Hijyeni ve Teknolojisi Bölümü Makale Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12418/202

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Estimated daily intake and health risk assessment of toxic elements in infant
(Published by Cambridge University Press, April, 2023) Demir, Tuğba; Ağaoğlu, Sema
In this study, the heavy metal (Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sn, Pb and Hg) concentrations were determined in a total of seventy-two infant formula samples manufactured by sixteen different brands in Türkiye. During the analyses, inductively coupled plasma MS was used in evaluating the nutritional profile and the toxicological risk associated with the consumption of these products. Given the analysis results, the highest Pb content was found in milk-based ‘beginner’ formulas (0–6 months, three samples) packed in metal containers. The highest concentration of Mn was found in powdered infant formula (Brand 3) that is suitable for 9–12-month-olds. Mn level was found to be above the limit values in nine samples (12·5 %). Cd level exceeded the limit values in two infant formula samples of Brand 3 (0·038 μg/g) and Brand 15 (0·023 μg/g). Therefore, the mean Cd concentration found here reaches the maximum limit set by the European Union commission legislation. Cu was detected in all infant formulas. The highest concentration was determined in Brand 1 (9–12 months, seven samples) and found to be 2·637 (SD 1·928) μg/g. This value is much higher than the reference values set in the national and international standards. Based on the results achieved here, the estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient values for all the metals in infant formulas were found lower than < 1. These findings suggest that the baby foods examined would not pose any health risk. The daily intakes exceeding the baby nutrition values recommended by the WHO would pose health risk since they would exceed the EDI levels.
Impact and Diversity of ESBL-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Recovered from Raw Chicken Meat Samples in Türkiye
(MDPI, 2023) Kürekci, Cemil, Ünaldı, Özlem, Şahin, Seyda, García-Meniño, Isidro, Hammerl, Jens Adre
The interrelationship between human, animal and environmental sectors leads to the spread of antibiotic resistance due to selective pressures, evolutionary traits and genomic evolution. In particular, the frequent use of antibiotics in livestock inevitably influences the emergence of specific resistance determinants in human strains, associated with reduced treatment options in clinical therapy. In this study, ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from chicken meat samples were evaluated for public health implications in Türkiye. Whole-genome sequencing was used for genetic dissection and phylogenetic comparison of their genomes. The isolates were assigned to four MLST types (ST147, ST37, ST2747 and ST219); two of them were found to represent the ST147 clone associated with severe human infections worldwide. In addition to cephalosporins, high resistance levels to quinolones/fluoroquinolones were identified phenotypically, caused by acquired resistance genes and chromosomal point variations. One isolate was also found to carry the qacEΔ1 efflux transporter gene, which confers tolerance to quaternary ammonium compounds. The detection of virulence genes (i.e., that coding for enterobactin) associated with the pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae suggests a public health impact. Thus, comprehensive information on the occurrence and impact of K. pneumoniae from livestock is needed to derive appropriate management strategies for consumer protection. In this study, it was shown that poultry meat serves as a reservoir of clinically emerging multidrug-resistant high-risk clones.
Türkiye Kanatlı Eti Sektörü
(Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 2023) Şahin, Seyda
Kanatlı eti sağlıklı, yeterli ve dengeli beslenmede vazgeçilmez bir öneme sahiptir. Tüm dünyada sağlıklı beslenmede önemli bir rol oynayan kanatlı eti ve ürünlerinin tüketimi artmaktadır. Kanatlı eti protein miktarı yüksek, yağ oranı düşük, doymamış yağ asitleri miktarı yönünden zengin olup, beslenme ve diyet açısından büyük öneme sahip hayvansal kaynaklı gıdalardan biridir. Kanatlı eti üretimi uluslararası kurallara göre entegrasyon modeli şeklinde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Üretimin tüm aşamalarında gıda güvenliği yaklaşımı uygulanmaktadır. Kanatlı eti üretim aşamasında veteriner hekim istihdam olanağı bulunmaktadır.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT OF ALLIUM SCORODOPRASUM L. ETHANOLIC EXTRACT (ASE) IN MICE
(JAPS, October, 2022) Ekici, Mehmet; Güngör, Hüseyin; Demir, Tuğba; Ateş, Mehmet Burak; Kumru, Alper Serhat
The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Allium species plants have been reported in studies. However, no study was found showing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Allium scorodoprasum L. ethanolic extract (ASE) in the experimental carrageenan (Carr) induced paw edema mice model. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ASE in Carr-induced paw edema mice model. The polyphenolic compounds of ASE were analyzed with HPLC. A total of 30 male Balb/C mice were randomly divided into Control, Carr, Carr + Diclofenac Sodium, Carr + ASE200, Carr + ASE400, and Carr + ASE600 groups (n=5/group). The mice paw edema was induced by 0.05 ml subplantar injection of 1% Carr. Different groups of mice with Carr-induced paw edema were administered by oral gavage with 10 mg/kg Diclofenac Sodium and 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg ASE, respectively. Orally administered ASE at 400 and 600 mg/kg significantly decreased paw swelling, and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, AST, ALT, and ALP. ASE also decreased MDA levels and total oxidant status (TOS) but increased total antioxidant status (TAS) in the liver. In addition, ASE decreased paw and liver histopathologic values and neutrophil counts in paw tissues. The results of this study showed that ASE has an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect through strong polyphenolic compounds.
Phenolic profile and investigation of biological activities of Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum
(ELSEVIER, April, 2022) Demir, Tuğba; Akpınar, Özlem; Kara, Haki; Güngör, Hüseyin
In this study, phenolic profile of Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum and its bioactivity in multiway approach including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cytotoxic and antiinflamatory activities were investigated. The extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum was optimized as a function of ethanol percentage, extraction temperature and extraction time by employing a response surface method. The optimal extraction conditions were found as 79 °C extraction temperature, 28% ethanol and 118 min duration of the extraction. Quercetin was determined as the major phenolic compound of the extract obtained under the optimal conditions and followed by vanillic, caffeic, 2,4 hydroxybenzoic and ellagic acid. In addition to high antioxidant capacity, the obtained extract showed antimicrobial activity, against different bacteria and molds. The concentrations of the extract obtained at the optimal conditions that inhibited 50% of Aspergillus oryzae and pancreatic α-amylases and α-glycosidase activities were calculated as 11.56, 14.35 and 19.35 mg extract/mL, respectively. The antiinflammatory effect of the obtained extract was also examined, and it was more inhibitory against xanthine oxidase activity than against lipoxygenase activity. The cytotoxicity of the optimized extract was observed against breast and bone cancer cells, and it showed significant cytotoxic activity especially on bone cancer cells. As a result, Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum could serve as a promising source of natural bioactive compounds for application in food and non-food products.
Disinfectant and heavy metal resistance profiles in extended spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolates from chicken meat samples
(Elsevier, 08.07.2022) Şahin, Seyda; Moğulkoç, Mahmut Niyazi; Kürekci, Cemil
Biocidal compounds are frequently used as disinfectants in poultry industry and their widespread usage has risen concern due to the co-selection and persistence of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria. In this study, extended spectrum β-lactamase producing (ESBL) Escherichia coli isolates (n = 60) obtained from chicken meat were characterized by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and further tested for disinfectant and heavy metal resistance phenotypically and genotypically. Plasmid replicon types of these isolates were also determined. ESBL producing E. coli isolates were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin (48.3 %) and gentamicin (15 %). The majority of these isolates (46.5 %) carried blaCTX-M-55 gene. The isolates showed higher minimal inhibitory concentrations to cetylpyridinium chloride (90 %), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (50 %), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (46.7 %), triclosan (38.3 %), benzalkonium chloride (28.3 %), chlorhexidine (21.7 %), acriflavine (3.3 %), benzethonium chloride (1.7 %) and N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1.7 %), but 18.3 % of the isolates were resistant to triclosan. Of the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) tolerance genes, mdfA, sugE(c), ydgE and ydgF were most present in all isolates, but the qacE, qacG, oqxA and oqxB genes were not detected. Of genes mediating the heavy metal resistance, the zitB gene was detected in all isolates, whereas the copA and cueO genes were detected in 96.67 % and 95 % of isolates, respectively. The IncFIB plasmid was commonly present (93.3 %) in ESBL producing E. coli isolates. Consequently, given the detection of genes mediating disinfectant and heavy metal resistance commonly in ESBL producing E. coli isolates as well as high rate of MICs against disinfectant compounds, the use of QACs for decontamination of the facilities may not be as effective as expected in poultry sector in Turkey.
Effects of thymol and rosemary essential oils and red beet extract on low-nitrite and carmine-free beef Mortadella
(WILEY, 27/07/2021) Can, Özlem Pelin; Hastaoğlu, Emre; Vural, Halil
In the present study, essential oils were used in order to reduce the nitrite in beef Mortadella, and the red beet extract was used instead of carmine. Beef Mortadella samples containing thymol and rosemary essential oils and red beet extract were produced. Chemical, physical, sensorial, and microbiological analyses were performed during the storage period. The antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of nitrite can be achieved by using thymol and rosemary essential oils. Thiobarbituric acid values of nitrite-free samples were found to be higher than nitrite-containing samples. Redness values of samples containing red beet extract and samples containing nitrite were highest. It can be recommended to use rosemary essential oil and red beet extract in reduced-nitrite and carmine-free meat products. The rosemary essential oil was reported to be more acceptable than thymol from sensorial aspect, although thymol has high antimicrobial and antioxidant effects and high phenolic content when compared with rosemary essential oil.
Antioxidant, antimicrobial and metmyoglobin reducing activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) powder extract-added minced meat during frozen storage
(MDPI, 9 September 2021) Demir, Tuğba; Ağaoğlu, Sema
The present study aimed to investigate the bioactive compounds in artichoke (Cynara scolymus) powder, having antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, and to determine the effectiveness of artichoke (C. scolymus) powder extract within the minced meat. C. scolymus was extracted using two different methods. The method incorporating high phenolic and flavonoid content levels was used in other analyses and the phenolic and flavonoid contents in C. scolymus extract was determined using LC-QTOF-MS. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and metmyoglobin (metMb) reducing activities and pH values of the extract-added minced meat samples were measured for 10 days during storage. DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS were used in the antioxidant analyses. The antimicrobial activity of C. scolymus extract was evaluated on five different food pathogens by using the disc diffusion method. The most resistant bacterium was found to be Listeria monocytogenes (18.05 mm ± 0.24). The amount of metMb was measured in the minced meat sample that was added to the extract during storage (p < 0.05). MetMb formation and pH value on the sixth day of storage were found to be at lower levels than in the control group. In conclusion, C. scolymus exhibited a good antimicrobial and antioxidant effect and can be used in storing and packaging the food products, especially the meat and meat products.
ACRYLAMIDE LEVELS OF FAST FOOD PRODUCTS
(PARLAR RESEARCH&TECHNOLOGY, April 2021) Demir, Tuğba; Ağaoğlu, Sema
Acrylamide is a carcinogenic contaminant found in foodstuffs from 2002. Acrylamide presence in a large number of popular foods has become one of the most difficult problems faced by the food industry and the supply chain. Food and food products that are cooked at high temperatures and have high carbohydrate and protein content cause acrylamide formation. Among the food products that are likely to form acrylamide, foods containing carbohydrates have found more research areas than other foods with high protein content. In this study, determination of acrylamide in these three different group foods (154 product) were examined using HPLC. Box-and-whisker graphics were used to determine the distribution of acrylamide content in food products and potential sources of variability that could explain variation of acrylamide. The highest acrylamide content among the fried potato products were observed in ready-made potato chips (536.21 g/kg; group mean 500±22.80). The lowest acrylamide content of meat and meat products group were determined among the 20 g/kg kokorec samples (group mean 26.40±5.03). The tulumba alone constitutes the most risky food product of cereal group with its 22.28% acrylamide content. In addition, dietary acrylamide intake was calculated for all food products. As a result, acrylamide prevention processes that threaten public health should be emphasized and necessary measures should be increased for food safety.
Physicochemical water quality of Karabel, Çaltı, and Tohma brooks and blood biochemical parameters of Barbus plebejus fish: assessment of heavy metal concentrations for potential health risks
(Springer, 29 October 2021) Demir, Tuğba
The present study aims to comparatively examine the physical quality parameters of water samples taken from Karabel, Çaltı, and Tohma brooks in Sivas province and the blood biochemical parameters of blood samples of Barbus plebejus fish obtained from these waters. In periods when chemical pollution in water increased and decreased, it was determined that GLU and UA among blood biochemical parameters were significantly affected. Moreover, the potential risk levels of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and ferrous (Fe) for human health were compared to the international standards. Metal (Fe, Pb, Cu, and Cd) concentrations in the water were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest HQingestion values of Cd were found in Brook Çaltı, which were 0.0018 for adults and 0.1980 for children. THQ upper limit set by the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) is < 1. It was determined that HQingestion, HQdermal, and THQ values of all the heavy metals were much lower than this limit. It was concluded that water quality parameters of samples taken from Karabel, Çaltı, and Tohma brooks on monthly basis for 12 months were not higher than the limits and the water qualities of brooks were determined to be “good”.
Effects of Green Tea Powder, Pomegranate Peel Powder, Epicatechin and Punicalagin Additives on Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Potential and Quality Properties of Raw Meatballs
(MDPI, 2 July 2021) Demir, Tuğba
Abstract: Alternative technologies, which have been developed in order to meet the consumers’ demand for nourishing and healthy meat and meat products, are followed by the food industry. In the present study, it was determined, using the HPLC method, that green tea contains a high level of epicatechin (EP) under optimal conditions and that pomegranate peel contains a high level of punicalagin (PN). Green tea, pomegranate peel, EP and PN were added to meatballs at different con centrations in eight groups. The antioxidant capacities of extracts were measured. The antimicrobial activity was examined for 72 h using three different food pathogens. The highest level of antimicrobial activity was achieved in the 1% punicalagin group, whereas the minimum inhibition concentration (L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium) was found to be 1.87 mg/mL. A statistically significant decrease was found in FFA, POV and TBARS levels of meatballs on different days of storage (p < 0.05). When compared to the control group, the bioactive compounds preserved the microbiological and chemical properties of meatballs during storage at +4 ◦C (14 days). It was concluded that the extracts with high EP and PN concentrations can be used as bio-preservative agents for meat and meat products.
Whole-genome sequence analysis of Salmonella Infantis isolated from raw chicken meat samples and insights into pESI-like megaplasmid
(Elsevier, 16.01.2021) Kürekci, Cemil; Sahin, Seyda; Iwan, Ewelina; Kwit, Reneta; Bomba, Arkadiusz; Wasyl, Dariusz
There has been an increase in the number of reports on Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) isolated from animals and humans. Recent studies using whole genome sequencing (WGS) have provided evidence on the likely contribution of a unique conjugative megaplasmid (pESI; ~280 kb) to the dissemination of this serovar worldwide. In the present study, twenty-two unrelated Salmonella strains [S. Infantis (n = 20) and Salmonella 6,7:r:- (n = 2)] and their plasmids were investigated using next generation sequencing technologies (MiSeq and MinION) to unravel the significant expansion of this bacteria in Turkey. Multi-locus sequence typing, plasmid replicons, resistance gene contents as well as phylogenetic relations between strains were determined. According to the WGS data, all S. Infantis possessed the relevant megaplasmid backbone genes and belonged to sequence type 32 (ST32) with the exception of a single novel ST7091. Tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance were found to be widespread in S. Infantis strains and the resistant strains exclusively carried the tetA, sul1, sul2 and dfrA14 genes. One S. Infantis isolate was also a carrier of the plasmid-mediated ampC via blaCMY-2, gene. Moreover, full genomes of four S. Infantis isolates were reconstructed based on hybrid assembly. All four strains contained large plasmids (240–290 kb) similar to previously published megaplasmid (pESI) and accompanied by several small plasmids. The megaplasmid backbone contained a toxin-antitoxin system, two virulence cassettes and segments associated with heavy metals resistance, while variable regions possessed several antibiotic resistance genes flanked by mobile elements. This study indicated that pESI-like megaplasmid is widely disseminated within the tested S. Infantis strains of chicken meat, warranting further genomic studies on clinical strains from humans and animals to uncover the overall emergence and spread of this serovar.

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