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Öğe A comprehensive archaeometric analysis of a novel special organic finding in a glass unguentarium: NMR, FT-IR, SEM/EDX(Springer, 2023)In this study, systematical analyses were employed to determine that which period the historical artifact belonged, and evaluations were based on the glass-making technology of the period. In addition, since organic substances were carried in these glass bottles, they are likely to be the medicine or ornaments at that time; by using recently developed techniques as NMRSEM– EDX and interpret them in the correct way, it was possible to predict what the yellow oily looking organic substance might be in. As the mouth of the glass bottle is completely closed with clay, the characterization of this organic material was made on the clay sample taken from the underneath of the environment without damaging the historical artifact. The trace organic matter residues on the clay were isolated and characterized by NMR spectrometry; this sample was characterized with FT-IR. Finally, the surface morphology of the clay–oil mixture was examined morphologically with SEM, and with EDX, elemental analysis was performed. In the results obtained, it was concluded that the organic material in the historical artifact could be olive oil with a high content of palmitic acid. With this study, the content of the artifact could be clarified by making a structural examination of the remains without damaging the historical artifact.Öğe First-time evaluation and characterization of “Šarišša” mudbrick ceramics and findings by SEM–EDX and XRF: chasing the traces of fire(Springer, 2022) Pehlivan, ErdenerŠarišša is one of the most important cities of Hittite Empire in the range of 16th–twelfth century BCE. The city’s importance comes from being the Empire’s summer palace as well as castle formation is seen around the city which gives the Turkish name “Kuşakli” means “Surrounded-Belted” in English. Šarišša is said to be destroyed by a fire/incendiary or battle and almost all mudbricks were given fire and their initial structures were deformed. The fired form of these ceramics could not be identified due to different degrees of fired ceramics and their identification may also favor the provenance analysis of the region’s soil structure that is suitable for the production of mudbricks. For the analysis of mudbricks, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was evaluated first to understand the principal, compound former, and trace oxides to compare with geological soil formation and rock types. By examining XRF, the oxides were characterized for compound formation even for mineral composition. As evaluated, main oxides are SiO2, CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, MgO, and K2O; compound former was the volatile SO3 that has the formation possibility of gypsum as Sivas’s most provenance soil type within illite-muscovite type clays. Besides, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were briefly evaluated and the firing temperatures were estimated. From SEM images and EDX analysis, a very good match with XRF analysis was found by means of elemental distribution and especially Na amount was approached as glassifier by sintering of materials in the range of 800 and 1200 °C due to the glassification, vitrification, sulfate removal, and low viscosity bubble formation due to glass melting.Öğe ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND PROVENANCE ANALYSIS OF APOLLON’S TORSO IN SIVAS ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM(MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY & ARCHAEOMETRY, 2022) Pehlivan, ErdenerThe subject of this study is the torso of Apollon in the Sivas Archaeological Museum. This study aims to make anarchaeological assessment of the artifact and to find answers to questions about its origin by performing archaeometric analysis with the p-XRF device. The data obtained by this analysis were compared with the literature sources concerning for ancient marble quarries. It was argued that the work had artistic characteristics of sculpturing statues of 160-270 AD and is thus dated to the Late Roman Period. The hypothesis that the work may be stylistically related to Dokimeion has been proven that the raw material of work in question belongs to a marble bed stretching between Vakıf Neighborhood in the Tavas district of Denizli province and the Goktepe Neighborhood of Menteşe District of Mugla Province. As a result, the sculptured marble of Apollon was taken from a raw material source other than Dokimeion during the period when the Dokimeion workshop was active and processed by masters/sculptors and used in necropolises of the ancient world.KEYWORDS: marble quarries, Apollon, sarcophagus, p-XRF, provenance analysisÖğe A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH OF XRF AND ANALOGICAL STUDY OF A PHRYGIAN FIBULA(MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY & ARCHAEOMETRY, 2022) Pehlivan, ErdenerIn this study, an archaeological and archaeometric research of a fibula in the Sivas Archaeological Museum was conducted. One of the purposes of choosing this material is to archaeologically identify this fibula, one of the fibula types identified with Phrygians, and to determine which century it belongs to. Another purpose is to determine which mining sites the Phrygians had contact with, who were mainly located in the middle and west of Anatolia during the period in question (8th – 7th centuries BC). In determining the first aim, that is, the period to which the object belongs, literature review and analogical comparison were selected as methods. The second objective, namely the determination of the mining sites that Phrygs come into contact with based on the fibula, covers two methods. The first method is the determination of the elemental composition of the fibula by the p-XRF method. In the process of associating the fibula with the Anatolian mining sites, a comparative literature review was used. Cadmium in the elemental composition of the work triggered the interest associated with the second aim. Cadmium, has also been detected in a mining site under the control of the Hittites. Although it is known that the mining site in question had been used since the 3rd millennium BC, including the Hittite period, the question of when it was last used has been updated within the scope of this study. In fact during the second quarter of the 1st millennium BC, the Phrygians, who lived in a contemporary period with the Late Hittites, imported raw materials from the mining sites under the control of the Late Hittites in the said period and produced metal works with this raw material. As a result, the Late Hittites are among the last identifiable owners of the mine site, which was determined within the scope of the research on the origin of tin in Anatolia in the 3rd millennium BC. Based on this information, it has been proven for the first time that Phrygian fibulas are produced with ores obtained from the mining site in the north of the Taurus Mountains.Öğe Archaeomagnetic study of five mounds from Upper Mesopotamia between 2500 and 700 BCE: Further evidence for an extremely strong geomagnetic field ca. 3000 years ago(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2012) Ertepinar, P.; Langereis, C. G.; Biggin, A. J.; Frangipane, M.; Matney, T.; Okse, T.; Engin, A.The distribution of archaeomagnetic data in eastern Europe and the Near and Middle East shows a remarkable gap in Turkey. This study presents the first archaeomagnetic results from five different mounds in southeast Turkey, the northern part of Mesopotamia. The rock magnetic experiments indicate that in the majority of the samples the dominant magnetic carrier is magnetite, which is stable to heating to temperatures of 700 degrees C. In general, the demagnetization diagrams are single component and all five sets display well-defined characteristic magnetizations and clustered directions. For the period between 2500 and 700 BCE, the declinations are between 350 degrees and 20 degrees while inclinations are in the range of 49-64 degrees. The directional results are compared with the global geomagnetic field models (CALS7k.2, ARCH3k_cst.1 and CALS3k.4) and the data from the archaeomagnetic database GEOMAGIA50v2. The results are coherent with both the data and the models except for two near-contemporaneous sets dating similar to 2000 BCE, which are offset to the east by more than 20 degrees with respect to CALS7k.2. Archaeointensity measurements were made using the microwave and conventional thermal Thellier methods applied to five sets of samples (four furnaces and a mud-brick wall). These yielded comparable and intriguing results. While those from the furnaces are slightly higher than the CALS7k.2 model and in agreement with the GEOMAGIA50v2 and the Middle East data, the results from the mud-brick wall suggest a high intensity of 100.8 mu T (17.7 x 10(22) Am-2) at similar to 1000 BCE. This result is in excellent agreement with recent claims of extremely high intensity measured in other regions of the Middle East for this time period though less consistent with these being associated with extremely short-lived events. Finally, we discuss our new and other recently published archaeointensity results in terms of geomagnetic intensity versus climate. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
