Host location and oviposition in a basal group of parasitic wasps: the subgenual organ, ovipositor apparatus and associated structures in the Orussidae (Hymenoptera, Insecta)

Abstract

Anatomical studies and behavioural observations indicate that representatives of the Orussidae use vibrational sounding to detect suitable oviposition sites. During host location, vibrations generated by tapping the tips of the antennae against the wood are picked up by the fore legs through the basitarsal spurs, transmitted along the basitarsi to thin-walled areas on the tibiae and through haemolymph to the subgenual organs, where they are transduced into nerve impulses. The apical antennomeres are distinctly shaped and have the cuticle thickened distally. The fore basitarsi have weakly sclerotised basitarsal lines proximally and membranous basitarsal spurs distally. The external wall of the fore tibiae have thin-walled areas distally on their posterior parts. Internally, large subgenual organs are situated opposite the thin-walled areas and each organ consists of 300-400 scolopidial units suspended between a lateral cuticular spine, a ventral sheet and a median ridge. The ovipositor is several times the length:of the body of the wasp. When at rest, it extends all the way into the prothorax, where it is coiled before extending posteriorly to lie between the third valvulae distally. The ovipositor lies in a membranous ovipositor sac attached posteriorly to the proximal parts of the ovipositor apparatus and the posterior margin of sternum 7. In the ovipositor apparatus, the anterior parts of the second valvifers are displaced and expanded anterodorsally, inverting the first valvifers and the base of the ovipositor. When in use, the ovipositor is extended and retracted by median apodemes situated on the anterior margins of abdominal sterna 3-7. Longitudinal muscles between the apodemes allow the latter to grip the ovipositor in troughs between them. The ovipositor extends from the abdomen at the tip of sternum 7, and an internal trough on sternum 7 serves to guide the ovipositor into the wood. Despite the alterations observed in the ovipositor apparatus in the Orussidae, the musculature is almost complete and the mode of operation presumably not much different from that of other representatives of the Hymenoptera. The different ways parasitic wasps with very long ovipositors handle and accommodate these and the implications for the evolutionary history of Hymenoptera are discussed.