Apium graveolens Linn. (Apiaceae) tohumu uçucu yağının kimyasal bileşimi ve in vitro antioksidan aktivitesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada halk arasında kereviz olarak bilinen, Apium graveolens Linn. (Apiaceae) tohumlarından elde edilen uçucu yağın kimyasal bileşiminin ve in vitro antioksidan aktivitesinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Kereviz tohumundan elde edilen uçucu yağın kimyasal bileşimi GC-MS analiziyle saptanmış ve uçucu yağın % 96.54’üne karşılık gelen 19 bileşen belirlenmiştir. Uçucu yağın ilk dört ana bileşeni d-limonen (87.10%), ?-terpinolen (2.87%), 2-?-pinen (1.55%) ve p-simen (1.19%) olarak gözlenmiştir. Uçucu yağın antioksidan özelliği, reaktif oksijen türlerinden (ROT) olan hidroksil (·OH) ve süperoksit (O2 .-) radikalleri ile, hidrojen peroksit (H2O2) ve kararlı serbest radikal olan 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH)’i inhibisyon özellikleri çalışılarak incelenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, uçucu yağın antioksidan özelliğiyle bağlantılı olan toplam flavonoid, toplam fenol ve toplam antioksidan çalışmalarıyla desteklenmiştir. Deneylerde standart olarak bütillenmiş hidroksi toluen (BHT), kurkumin ve askorbik asit kullanılmıştır. Kereviz tohumundan elde edilen uçucu yağın, Fe+3-askorbat-EDTA–H2O2 sistemi ile oluşturulan hidroksil radikalini (.OH), ksantin-ksantin oksidaz sistemi ile oluşturulan süperoksit radikalini (O2 .-) ve kararlı bir radikal olan DPPH’ı süpürme aktivitesinin pozitif kontrollerden daha iyi olduğu gözlenmiştir. Uçucu yağın, hidrojen peroksidi süpürme aktivitesi göz ününe alındığında ise; uçucu yağın, kurkumin ve BHT’den daha düşük, askorbik asitle benzer süpürme aktivitesine sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Elde edilen verilere dayanılarak, kereviz tohumu uçucu yağının radikalleri temizleyerek in vitro antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğu ve doğal bir antioksidan kaynak olabileceği saptanmıştır.

Apium graveolens Linn. (Apiaceae), grows widely in the foothills of North-Western Himalayas and the outlying hills of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Celery (Apium graveolens) is one of the most well known plants used in the history of mankind as a medicament or spice. Celery seeds are reported to possess carminative, diuretic aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Celery seeds have been used for medicinal purposes as rheumatoid arthritis, bronchitis, dropsy and asthma. Because of essential oils have been discovered to have many functional properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, many research groups are focusing their investigation in the pharmacological actions. Free radicals, which have one or more uncoupled electrons, are produced in normal or pathological cell metabolism. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are various forms of activated oxygen which including superoxide anion radicals (O2 . -) and hydroxyl radicals (.OH) as well as non-free radical species hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the singlet oxygen ( 1O2 ). The generation of ROS beyond the antioxidant capacity of a biological system gives rise to oxidative stress. Free radical oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, inflammation and cancer. The present study was designed to determine chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of the essential oil, obtained by using a Clevenger distillation apparatus of Apium graveolens Linn. (Apiaceae) seeds. The antioxidant activities were determined by using four complementary in vitro assays; inhibition of oxygen radicals such as hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide and stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The chemical composition of the essential oil from celery seeds was analyzed by GC-MS and resulted in the identification of 19 compounds, representing 96.54% of the total oil; d-limonene (87.10%), α- terpinolene (2.87%), 2-α-pinene (1.55%) and pcymen (1.19%) were the major components. It was determined that essential oil of Apium graveolens Linn. (Apiaceae) seeds, scavenging hydroxyl radicals (.OH) generated by Fe3+-ascorbate- EDTA-H2O2 system. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of essential oil greater than BHT and curcumin, which used positive standarts. Because the ascorbic acid was in a experiment of hydroxyl radical environment, it was not used as a positive standard in hydroxyl radical scavenging inhibition. Curcumin’s hydroxyl radical scavenging activity have greater than BHT. Essential oil and positive standards have been found to scavenged superoxide radicals (O2 . -) generated by a xanthine and xanthine oxidase system. It was similar to hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, essential oil have possess greatest scavenging property of superoxide radicals. Süperoxide radicical scavenging activity of standarts decrease; curcumin, BHT and ascorb acid, respectively. Reducing property of essential oil of stable free radicals DPPH radicals were observed, essential oil greatest reducing activity among all samples. DPPH radical reducing activity of standarts decrease; ascorbic acid, curcumin and BHT, respectively. It was seen that all examples had lower hydrogene peroxide scavenging properties than the curcumin being used as a positive control. The other positive control BHT was found to have a higher hydrogene peroxide scavenging properties than the essential oil and ascorbic acid. Hydrogene peroxide scavenging properties of essential oil similar to ascorbic acid. Then data was further supported by total flavonoid, total phenolics and total antioxidant analysis indicating that the antioxidative potential of the oil. In conclusion, the results presented here show that essential oil of celery seeds have possessed antioxidant activity and could be considered as a natural antioxidant source.