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Öğe BSA/DNA binding behavior and the photophysicochemical properties of novel water soluble zinc (II) phthalocyanines directly substituted with piperazine groups(2021/6) Khezami, Khaoula; Harmandar, Kevser; Bağda, Esra; Bağda, Efkan; Şahin, Gamze; Karakodak, Nurşen; Durmuş, MahmutIn the current research, two novel zinc(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) (1 and 2) directly connecting with 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl groups have been synthesized through the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. These ZnPcs 1 and 2 were converted to their water-soluble derivatives (1Q and 2Q) by quaternization. The photochemical and photophysical properties were determined in DMSO for the non-ionic zinc(II) phthalocyanines (1 and 2) and in both DMSO and aqueous solutions for the quaternized cationic derivatives (1Q and 2Q) to establish their photosensitizer capabilities in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The spectrofluorometric and spectrophotometric techniques were employed for the determination of interaction between water-soluble ZnPcs (1Q and 2Q) and BSA or ct-DNA. The binding constants of these compounds to BSA were found in the order of 108 M−1. The binding constant of the ct-DNA interaction with 2Q (1.09 × 105 M−1) was found higher than 1Q (6.87 × 104 M−1). The thermodynamic constants were determined for both 1Q and 2Q. The endothermic and spontaneous nature of interaction was observed with ct-DNA. Besides, the thermal denaturation and viscosity studies proved the non-intercalative mode of binding for both compounds to ct-DNA.Öğe BSA/DNA binding behavior and the photophysicochemical properties of novel water soluble zinc (II) phthalocyanines directly substituted with piperazine groups(Springer, 2021/05/04) Bağda, Efkan; Harmandar, Kevser; Bağda, Esra; Şahin, Gamze; Karakodak, Nurşen; Durmuş, Mahmut; Khezami, KhaoulaIn the current research, two novel zinc(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) (1 and 2) directly connecting with 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl groups have been synthesized through the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. These ZnPcs 1 and 2 were converted to their water-soluble derivatives (1Q and 2Q) by quaternization. The photochemical and photophysical properties were determined in DMSO for the non-ionic zinc(II) phthalocyanines (1 and 2) and in both DMSO and aqueous solutions for the quaternized cationic derivatives (1Q and 2Q) to establish their photosensitizer capabilities in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The spectrofluorometric and spectrophotometric techniques were employed for the determination of interaction between water-soluble ZnPcs (1Q and 2Q) and BSA or ct-DNA. The binding constants of these compounds to BSA were found in the order of 108 M−1. The binding constant of the ct-DNA interaction with 2Q (1.09 × 105 M−1) was found higher than 1Q (6.87 × 104 M−1). The thermodynamic constants were determined for both 1Q and 2Q. The endothermic and spontaneous nature of interaction was observed with ct-DNA. Besides, the thermal denaturation and viscosity studies proved the non-intercalative mode of binding for both compounds to ct-DNA.Öğe Conservation activities for Mountain viper, Montivipera albizona (Nilson, Andrén and Flärdh, 1990) in Anatolia, Turkey(Union of Scientists in Bulgaria - Plovdiv, 2018) Çiçek, Kerim; Afsar, Murat; Bağda, Efkan; Tok, Cemal VarolThe Mountain viper, Montivipera albizona, is an endemic to Anatolia and distributes in Anatolian Diagonal, Anti-Taurus Mountains and Amanos Mountains. Unfortunately, the species faced serious threats within narrow distribution range. Here, we evaluated the present status and main threats of the Mountain viper by 60-days intensive fieldwork and interviews with locals. According to our data, the Mountain viper prefers the rocky and those mountainous and rugged areas covered with less vegetation and they are active from the beginning of April to end of November. In spring, it is possible to observe 1 to 5 individuals in the suitable habitats depending on its density. We prepared 5-year Action Plan for Turkish General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks and planned the roadmap for sustainability of the species with participation of regional administration, NGOs, and locals. We found that agricultural activities, overgrazing, road constructions, quarries, pet trade, sportive hunting, deliberate or accidental killing, and climatic change are the main threats on the Mountain viper in Anatolia. The main conservation measures include: creating some protected habitats in the high viper density regions, long-term monitoring survey to obtain data on its ecology and population trends, education and awareness raising activities among locals to prevent illegal collection/killing of the vipers. © Ecologia Balkanica.Öğe Interaction of water soluble cationic gallium (III) phthalocyanines with different G-quadruplex DNAs(Elsevier, 2021/11/1) Bağda, Efkan; Bağda, Esra; Durmuş, Mahmut; Yılmaz, Hasan EmreSmall molecule-G-quadruplex DNA interaction has been gained considerable interest due to existence of G-quadruplex structures in telomeres and promotor regions of proto-oncogenes. In the present study, the interaction of 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tetrakis-[(N-methyl-3-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato]chloro gallium (III) sulphate (TGaPc) and 2, 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23, 24-octakis-[(N-methyl-3-pyridyloxy) phthalocyaninato]chloro gallium (III) sulphate (OGaPc) with different DNA forms (ctDNA and G-quadruplex DNAs) was investigated. The interactions of compounds with DNA was extensively investigated by different methods, such as capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) integrated with a high sensitivity LED-induced fluorescence detector, UV–Vis and circular dichroism spectroscopy, competitive dialysis experiments. UV–Vis. titrations and CGE studies showed that the two phthalocyanine compounds interacted with the G-quadruplex and ctDNA, but the binding affinity of TGaPc was high for AS1411. Dialysis experiments also supported the higher affinity of TGaPc to AS1411. CD studies showed that both TGaPc and OGaPc caused destabilization of Tel21 structure even at low concentrations. This was more or less observed in other G-quadruplex DNAs other than AS1411. The structure of AS1411 remained intact at binding stoichiometric ratios. The viscosimetric studies and gel electrophoresis studies have been used to explore the interaction of TGaPc and OGaPc with ctDNA. The viscosity experiments along with gel electrophoresis confirmed the intercalation binding for ctDNA with OGaPc and groove binding for TGaPc. All results show that these molecules interact with different DNA types at different strengths and different mechanisms and the binding affinity of TGaPc was high for AS1411. Therefore, these compounds have the potential for cancer treatment.Öğe Interaction of water soluble cationic gallium (III) phthalocyanines with different G-quadruplex DNAs(Elsevier, 1 November 2021) Yılmaz, Hasan Emre; Bağda, Efkan; Bağda, Esra; Durmuş, MahmutSmall molecule-G-quadruplex DNA interaction has been gained considerable interest due to existence of G-quadruplex structures in telomeres and promotor regions of proto-oncogenes. In the present study, the interaction of 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tetrakis-[(N-methyl-3-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato]chloro gallium (III) sulphate (TGaPc) and 2, 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23, 24-octakis-[(N-methyl-3-pyridyloxy) phthalocyaninato]chloro gallium (III) sulphate (OGaPc) with different DNA forms (ctDNA and G-quadruplex DNAs) was investigated. The interactions of compounds with DNA was extensively investigated by different methods, such as capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) integrated with a high sensitivity LED-induced fluorescence detector, UV–Vis and circular dichroism spectroscopy, competitive dialysis experiments. UV–Vis. titrations and CGE studies showed that the two phthalocyanine compounds interacted with the G-quadruplex and ctDNA, but the binding affinity of TGaPc was high for AS1411. Dialysis experiments also supported the higher affinity of TGaPc to AS1411. CD studies showed that both TGaPc and OGaPc caused destabilization of Tel21 structure even at low concentrations. This was more or less observed in other G-quadruplex DNAs other than AS1411. The structure of AS1411 remained intact at binding stoichiometric ratios. The viscosimetric studies and gel electrophoresis studies have been used to explore the interaction of TGaPc and OGaPc with ctDNA. The viscosity experiments along with gel electrophoresis confirmed the intercalation binding for ctDNA with OGaPc and groove binding for TGaPc. All results show that these molecules interact with different DNA types at different strengths and different mechanisms and the binding affinity of TGaPc was high for AS1411. Therefore, these compounds have the potential for cancer treatment.Öğe Investigation of Binding behaviour of a water-soluble gallium (III) phthalocyanine with double-stranded and G-quadruplex DNA via experimental and computational methods(Elsevier, 2021/15/09) Bağda, Efkan; Bağda, Esra; Koçak, Abdulkadir; Durmuş, MahmutDNA is an important target for the development of chemotherapeutic drug design due to increased and uncontrolled cell proliferation of cancer cells. In the present study, the affinity of water-soluble gallium(III) phthalocyanine chloride (GaPc) non-peripherally substituted with 2-mercapto-N-methylpyridinium groups to different types of DNA (double-stranded ctDNA and G-quadruplex DNA) was investigated. The interaction mechanisms were evaluated by UV-Vis, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic techniques, competitive dialysis assay, and capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) system integrated with a high sensitivity LED-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector. Binding mode studies were carried out by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. The experimental binding constants were determined as 1.9 × 106 M−1, 1.1 × 106 M−1, 8.5 × 105 M−1, 2.9 × 104 M−1 for c-MYC, AS1411, Tel21, and ctDNA, respectively. Competitive binding assay confirmed the higher affinity towards G-quadruplex structure rather than ctDNA. The GaPc-G-quadruplex DNA conjugates showed higher Kb constants and a strong absorption band closer to NIR window which is a desired feature for the photodynamic therapy applications. Besides, experimental data show that the formation of GaPc-G-quadruplex DNA conjugates reduced the aggregation of GaPc. Reduction of aggregation of phthalocyanine is important. Because aggregation decreases the photoactivity of most photosensitizers. The experimental results suggested that both intercalative and non‑intercalative binding contributions occurred in the case of double-stranded ctDNA. Confirming experiments, molecular docking studies showed that the GaPc can bind from two different major groove regions in double-stranded DNA while only one binding mode was observed in the G-quadruplex DNA. Both experimental and computational studies suggested that the conformational change and unfolding mechanism in G-quadruplex DNA structure were determined upon interaction with GaPc.Öğe Investigation of Interaction of Bismarck Brown Y- Palladium Complex with AS1411 G-quadruplex Aptamer(2022) Bağda, Esra; Durak, Rümeysa; Bağda, Efkan; Duman, Didem; Ayhan, EbubekirIncreased metabolic activity and metastasis are the main and most known characteristics of cancer cells. Increased activity of the cells results in an increase in the transcription, translation, and replication rate of DNA, hence the probability of the formation of G-quadruplex structures increases. The stabilization or destabilization of G-quadruplex with various ligands may cause disruptions in cell proliferation. So, stabilization or destabilization of these secondary structures is important cancer therapy approach. In the present study, Bismarck brown Y-Pd complex was formed in an easy, one-step mixing method. The spectral characteristics and stoichiometry of the BBY-Pd2 were investigated UV-Vis spectrophotometrically. The interaction of the BBY-Pd2 complex with the AS1411 G-quadruplex structure was investigated with spectrophotometric titration. The binding constants were found as 4.38 (± 1.96) × 104 M-1. The effect of the complex on the G-quadruplex conformation of AS1411 was investigated by using circular dichroism (CD) spectrophotometer. The existence of interactions was further supported by DNA polymerase stop assay using a high-sensitivity LED-induced fluorescence detector Qsep100 capillary gel electrophoresis system.Öğe Investigation of Interaction of Bismarck Brown Y- Palladium Complex with AS1411 G-quadruplex Aptamer(Miraç OCAK, 2022) Bağda, Esra; Durak, Rümeysa; Bağda, Efkan; Duman, Didem; Ayhan, EbubekirArtan metabolik aktivite ve metastaz, kanser hücrelerinin ana ve en bilinen özellikleridir. Hücrelerin artan aktivitesi, G-dörtlü yapıların oluşumunda artışa neden olur. G-quadruplex'in çeşitli ligandlarla stabilizasyonu veya destabilizasyonu, hücre proliferasyonunda bozulmalara neden olabilir. Dolayısıyla, bu ikincil yapının stabilizasyonu veya destabilizasyonu önemli antikanser ilaç hedefleridir. Bu çalışmada, Bismarck kahverengi Y-Pd kompleksi, kolay, tek aşamalı bir karıştırma yöntemiyle oluşturulmuştur. Kompleksin spektral özellikleri ve stokiyometrisi, Uv-vis spektrofotometrik olarak araştırıldı. 1:2, Bismarck Brown Y-Pd kompleksinin AS1411 G-dörtlü yapı ile etkileşimi spektrofotometrik titrasyon ile araştırıldı. Bağlanma sabitleri hesaplandı ve 4.38 (±1.96) x104 M-1 olarak bulundu. Kompleksin G-dörtlü konformasyon üzerindeki etkisi CD spektroskopisi ile araştırıldı. Etkileşimlerin varlığı, yüksek hassasiyetli LED kaynaklı floresan dedektör Qsep100 kapiler jel elektroforez sistemi kullanılarak DNA polimeraz durdurma testi ile desteklenmiştir.Öğe Kuzeydoğu Akdeniz’deki yeşil deniz kaplumbağası (Chelonia mydas) populasyonlarının genetik yapısı(Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 2009) Bağda, Efkan; Türkozan, Oğuz; Bardakcı, FevziHerbivor yeşil deniz kaplumbağası tropikal ve subtropikal sularda yayılır ve beş kıtanın sahillerinde yuva yapar. C. mydas'ın Akdeniz'deki ana yuvalama bölgesi Türkiye ve Kıbrıs'tır. Bu sahiller C. mydas'ın Akdeniz'deki yuvalama bölgelerinin yaklaşık % 99'unu oluşturur. Bu sahiller C. mydas'ın yuvalaması için önemli olmasına rağmen, buralara ait herhangi bir kapsamlı populasyon ve koruma genetiği çalışması yapılmamıştır. Bu nedenle, Türkiye'nin Akdeniz kıyıları boyunca altı ve Kuzey Kıbrıs'tan bir yuvalama sahillerinin mitokondri DNA'nın kontrol bölgesi dizilemesi (n=225) ve altı mikrosatellit lokusu (n=232) kullanarak C. mydas populasyonlarının genetik yapısının belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Toplamda altı mtDNA haplotipinden üçü ilk kez tanımlandı. CM-A13 adlı tek bir haplotip baskındı ve farklı yuvalama sahillerinden 216 yavruda bulundu. Diğer taraftan, mikrosatellit analizler farklı yuvalama sahillerinden çalışılmış bireyler arasında güçlü genetik yapılanma gösterir. MtDNA farklılaşma sonuçları genetik farklılıların ve dişilerin yuvalama alanına sadakatini tanımlamak için düşüktü, fakat mikrosatellit veriler çalışılan yuvalama kumsallarından bireyler arasındaki genetik yapılanmayı göstermektedir. Mitokondri ve çekirdek DNA analizleri yeşil deniz kaplumbağasının kuzeydoğu Akdeniz'de yuvalayan populasyonlarının yakın geçmişte Atalantik'ten köken aldığı ve bu kolonileşme sonucu muhtemelen kurucu etkisi ve bunun sonucu meydana gelen genetik sürüklenmeyle özellikle düşük mtDNA ve nispeten yüksek mikrosatellit varyasyonu ile sonuçlandığına işaret etmektedir. Sonuç olarak, Akdeniz yeşil deniz kaplumbağasının kendine özgü bir genetik yapısı vardır ve bu yüzden bir yönetim birimi olarak kabul edilebilir.Öğe Nükleolin Hedefli G-Quadrupleks Taşıyıcı Sisteme Dayalı Akıllı Kemoterapötik Ajan Geliştirilmesi ve Fotodinamik Terapide Uygulamaları(2021) Bağda, Esra; Gürsan, Kadriye Arzum Erdem; Durmuş, Mahmut; Altun, Ahmet; Bağda, Efkan; Şahin, Gamze; Aydın, FadimeDünya sağlık örgütü verilerine göre 2020 yılında 2,2 milyondan fazla vaka sayısı ile meme kanseri en yaygın görülen kanser türlerindendir. Yaklaşık her 12 kadından biri hayatları boyunca meme kanserine yakalanmaktadır ve kadınlarda kanser kaynaklı ölümlerin başında meme kanseri gelmektedir. Meme kanseri ölüm vakaları daha çok orta ve düşük düzeyli ekonomiye sahip ülkelerde görülmektedir. Ekonomik, etkin ve ulaşılabilir meme kanseri tedavisi mortalite verilerinde iyileşmeye neden olacaktır. Kanserleşme hücre proliferasyonundaki değişikliklerle birlikte hücre, yüzeyinde bulunan kompleks yapılarda meydana gelen fiziksel ve kimyasal değişimler olarak tanımlanır. Kanserleşme ile birlikte hücre yüzey belirteçlerinin farklılaşması, bazı proteinlerin ekspresyonundaki değişimeler kanser yüzey belirteçlerini ilaç hedefleri olarak kullanımını sağlamaktadır. Nükleolin meme kanseri gibi bazı önemli kanser türlerinde yüzey ekspresyonu artan proteinlerden bir tanesidir. Hücre yüzey biyobelirteçlerini hedefleyen önemli yöntemlerden biri nükleik asit temelli aptamerlerdir. Aptamerler kolay ve ucuz kimyasal yöntemlerle sentezlenebilmeleri, sentez tekrarlanırlıklarının yüksek olması, ticari olarak fazla miktarda üretilebilmeleri, kolaylıkla modifiye edilebilmeleri, kararlılıkları, toksik olmamaları, özellikle antidotlar için agnostik (yarışmacı) aptamerlerin bulunması, dokulara hızlı penetrasyonları ve düşük immünojenizitelerinden dolayı antikorlara göre daha avantajlı terapötik ajanlardır. Ftalosiyaninler, singlet oksijen kuantum verimleri yüksek, konjüge ? sistemlerine sahip, biyomoleküller ile etkileşime uygun düzlemsel bileşiklerdir. Bu bileşikler uygun ışıma ile uyarıldıklarında fototoksik singlet oksijen oluşturabilmelerinden dolayı fotodinamik terapi için oldukça kullanışlı fotoduyarlı ajanlardır. Fotodinamik terapi (FDT) herhangi bir ilaç direncinin gelişimine neden olmaması, yan etkilerinin az olması, dokuya hedeflenebilir olması, ucuz ve kolay uygulanabilmesi ve gerçek zamanlı dozaj ayarlanmasına olanak sağlaması gibi birçok avantaja sahip terapi yöntemidir. Bu tedavinin etkinliği tümöre fotoduyarlaştırıcı ajanın etkin birikimi ile doğrudan alakalıdır. Proje kapsamında, Fs-AS1411 konjugantları geliştirilerek meme kanseri FDT sinde kullanabilirlikleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma için suda çözünen, merkezinde In ve Ga atomları bulunduran periferal-tetra, non-periferal-tetra ve periferal-okta (4-merkaptopiridin) sübstitüe Fs molekülleri sentezlenerek karakterize edilmiştir. Elde edilen Fs molekülleri, nükleonine kuvvetli affinite gösteren AS1411 G-quadrupleks aptameri ile etkileştirilerek konjugantlar oluşturulmuştur. Fs-AS1411 konjugantlarının konformasyonal değişimi, stabilitesi gibi bir çok özelliği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, Fs-AS1411 etkileşimi kolay uygulanabilir, maliyeti düşük, hızlı, duyarlı ve seçimli analizi mümkün kılan elektrokimyasal yöntemlerle de tayin edildi. Geliştirilen konjugantların fotositotoksik etkisi meme kanseri (MCF-7) ve doxorubicin dirençli (MCF-7R) meme kanseri ile meme bezi (MCF-10A) hücre hatları kullanılarak araştırıldı. Ayrıca Fs-AS1411 konjugant sisteminin seçiciliği ve terapötik kapasitesi diğer bir kemoterapötik ajan olan doxorubicin ile kıyaslanmıştır.Öğe Orta Anadolu Aphanius nardo, 1827 (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) taksonlarının çekirdek DNA varyasyonun AFLP belirteçleri ile saptanması(Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 2004) Bağda, Efkan; Bardakçı, FevziÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi Orta Anadolu Aphanius Nardo, 1827 Taksonlarının (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) Çekirdek DNA Varyasyonun AFLP Belirteçleri He Saptanması Efkan BAĞDA Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Fevzi BARDAKÇI Dişli sazancıklar olan Aphanius cinsi, Tetis Denizi kıyısı boyunca yayılış gösteren ortak bir atadan evrimleştiği öne sürülen, bir Tetis reliktidir. Aphanius'xm farklılaşma merkezinin Türkiye olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Orta Anadolu Aphanius populasyonlan arasındaki genetik akrabalık ve Anadolu'nun jeolojik tarihiyle ilişkisini araştırmaktır. AFLP verilerinin hem fenetik hem de kladistik analizleri yapıldı. Her iki analizde de Aphaniwfun Orta Anadolu'daki tür ve alttürlerine karşılık gelen dört klad ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, her klad daha önce hîbrîlleme, mîtokondrî T5NA ve TtAFD veri analizlerinden elde edilen sonuçlan destekleyerek, Orta Anadolu'da Aphanius'vxx türleşmesinde rolü olduğu gösterilen her bir jeolojik kıtayla sınırlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Aphanîus, AFLP, DNA, Tetis Denizi.Öğe Orta anadolu ekin saparılarının (Cephidae: Hymenoptera: Insecta) saptanması(2004) Başıbüyük, Hasan H.; Ülgentürk, Selma; Hastaoğlu, Sevda; Bağda, Efkan; Gençer, LütfiyeOrta Anadolu'da yürütülen bu çalışmada Cephidae familyasına bağlı yedi cins ve 21 tür saptanmıştır. Bu türlerden Cephus sp. ur. filippovi Zhelochovtsev, C. Jummipennis Eversmann, C. nigrinus Thomson, C. pulcher Tischbein, C. rjabovi (Dovnar-Zapolskij), Calameuta pravei (Dovnar- Zapolskij), Hartigia linearsis (Schrank) ve H. xhantostoma (Eversmann) Orta Anadolu ve Türkiye için yeni kayıttır. Ekin tarlalarında en yoğun rastlanan türlerin sırasıyla Cephus pygmaeus (L.) ve Trachelus tabidus (F.) olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ekin tarialanndan saplardan üretilen parasitoitlerin teşhisi ve değerlendirilmesi sonucu, ekin sap arılan İle kesin olarak ilişkili olan parasitoid türler olarak Chlorocytus breviscapus Graham, Norbanus obscurus (Masi) ve Coliyria coxator (Villers) türleri bulunmuştur. Ekin sapansı bulaşık tarla oranı oldukça yüksek (%86), sapansı bulaşık sap oram ise düşük (% 2.53) bulunmuştur. Ekin sapansı populasyon büyüklüklerinin parasitoitler tarafından Önemli ölçüde baskılandıktan sonucuna varılmıştır.Öğe The recent studies about the interaction of phthalocyanines with DNA(2021) Bağda, Esra; Bağda, EfkanCancer is one of the major diseases affecting all humanity with high mortality rates worldwide. Its treatment is difficult, long-term and expensive. Due to its side effects, it is troublesome for both the patient and their attendants. Cancer treatment is basically divided into three: surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Photodynamic therapy offers one of the most important and promising treatment methods, especially in recent years. Photodynamic therapy takes the steps of administering the photo-sensitizing compound to the body and stimulating it with a light of appropriate wavelength after its accumulation in the target tissue. With the formation of complex processes that take place in the target area with the reactive oxygen species formed by the stimulated compounds, death or the inhibition of the proliferation of the cells causes situations such as the destruction of the target tissue. Phthalocyanines constitute an important group of photo-sensitizers used in photodynamic therapy. Stability of these compounds and their strong absorption close to therapeutic window make these compounds important. With large ? systems, they can bind with many biological macromolecules, including DNA, with high affinity by many mechanisms, including the ? - ? stacking. This review article describes the last three years of studies in the WOS database about the interactions of phthalocyanines with DNA. The interactions of phthalocyanines with DNA are important as they can make a difference in the proliferation of tumor cells. On the other hand, DNA replication and transcription has increased due to the increasing metabolic rate of these cells. The DNA double strand opened during replication, and gene expression allows the formation of different secondary structures such as hairpin, triple, junctions, and G-quadruplex. The interaction of G-quadruplex DNA structures with these compounds, which can be formed in the guanine-rich regions of the DNA sequences opened in these processes, has been described in studies.Öğe The recent studies about the interaction of phthalocyanines with DNA(Miraç OCAK, 2021) Bağda, Esra; Bağda, EfkanCancer is one of the major diseases affecting all humanity with high mortality rates worldwide. Its treatment is difficult, long-term and expensive. Due to its side effects, it is troublesome for both the patient and their attendants. Cancer treatment is basically divided into three: surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Photodynamic therapy offers one of the most important and promising treatment methods, especially in recent years. Photodynamic therapy takes the steps of administering the photo-sensitizing compound to the body and stimulating it with a light of appropriate wavelength after its accumulation in the target tissue. With the formation of complex processes that take place in the target area with the reactive oxygen species formed by the stimulated compounds, death or the inhibition of the proliferation of the cells causes situations such as the destruction of the target tissue. Phthalocyanines constitute an important group of photo-sensitizers used in photodynamic therapy. Stability of these compounds and their strong absorption close to therapeutic window make these compounds important. With large Π systems, they can bind with many biological macromolecules, including DNA, with high affinity by many mechanisms, including the Π - Π stacking. This review article describes the last three years of studies in the WOS database about the interactions of phthalocyanines with DNA. The interactions of phthalocyanines with DNA are important as they can make a difference in the proliferation of tumor cells. On the other hand, DNA replication and transcription has increased due to the increasing metabolic rate of these cells. The DNA double strand opened during replication, and gene expression allows the formation of different secondary structures such as hairpin, triple, junctions, and G-quadruplex. The interaction of G-quadruplex DNA structures with these compounds, which can be formed in the guanine-rich regions of the DNA sequences opened in these processes, has been described in studies.
