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Öğe BSA/DNA binding behavior and the photophysicochemical properties of novel water soluble zinc (II) phthalocyanines directly substituted with piperazine groups(2021/6) Khezami, Khaoula; Harmandar, Kevser; Bağda, Esra; Bağda, Efkan; Şahin, Gamze; Karakodak, Nurşen; Durmuş, MahmutIn the current research, two novel zinc(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) (1 and 2) directly connecting with 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl groups have been synthesized through the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. These ZnPcs 1 and 2 were converted to their water-soluble derivatives (1Q and 2Q) by quaternization. The photochemical and photophysical properties were determined in DMSO for the non-ionic zinc(II) phthalocyanines (1 and 2) and in both DMSO and aqueous solutions for the quaternized cationic derivatives (1Q and 2Q) to establish their photosensitizer capabilities in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The spectrofluorometric and spectrophotometric techniques were employed for the determination of interaction between water-soluble ZnPcs (1Q and 2Q) and BSA or ct-DNA. The binding constants of these compounds to BSA were found in the order of 108 M−1. The binding constant of the ct-DNA interaction with 2Q (1.09 × 105 M−1) was found higher than 1Q (6.87 × 104 M−1). The thermodynamic constants were determined for both 1Q and 2Q. The endothermic and spontaneous nature of interaction was observed with ct-DNA. Besides, the thermal denaturation and viscosity studies proved the non-intercalative mode of binding for both compounds to ct-DNA.Öğe BSA/DNA binding behavior and the photophysicochemical properties of novel water soluble zinc (II) phthalocyanines directly substituted with piperazine groups(Springer, 2021/05/04) Bağda, Efkan; Harmandar, Kevser; Bağda, Esra; Şahin, Gamze; Karakodak, Nurşen; Durmuş, Mahmut; Khezami, KhaoulaIn the current research, two novel zinc(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) (1 and 2) directly connecting with 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl groups have been synthesized through the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. These ZnPcs 1 and 2 were converted to their water-soluble derivatives (1Q and 2Q) by quaternization. The photochemical and photophysical properties were determined in DMSO for the non-ionic zinc(II) phthalocyanines (1 and 2) and in both DMSO and aqueous solutions for the quaternized cationic derivatives (1Q and 2Q) to establish their photosensitizer capabilities in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The spectrofluorometric and spectrophotometric techniques were employed for the determination of interaction between water-soluble ZnPcs (1Q and 2Q) and BSA or ct-DNA. The binding constants of these compounds to BSA were found in the order of 108 M−1. The binding constant of the ct-DNA interaction with 2Q (1.09 × 105 M−1) was found higher than 1Q (6.87 × 104 M−1). The thermodynamic constants were determined for both 1Q and 2Q. The endothermic and spontaneous nature of interaction was observed with ct-DNA. Besides, the thermal denaturation and viscosity studies proved the non-intercalative mode of binding for both compounds to ct-DNA.Öğe Determination and Speciation of Selenium in Pharmaceutical Samples, Spiked Veterinary Drug Samples with a Kinetic Catalytic Method(2023) Bağda, EsraIn the present study a new kinetic catalytic method was developed for the sensitive determination of selenium in pharmaceutical formulations. The reaction between basic blue 3 (BB3) and sulphide catalysed by Se (IV) in the presence of acetic-phosphoric-boric acid buffer system. The decrease in the absorbance at 654 nm indicated the reduction of BB3. The presence of selenium (IV) accelerated the reaction rate. The method based on the linear correlation between amount of Se(IV) and reaction rate. Under optimum conditions, the linear calibration range was found as 0.1-2.0 µg ml-1 by the fixed time method for the 0.5-5 min. The tolerance limits of various species was also studied. The interfering effect of some cations such as Cr3+, Fe3+, and Hg2+ was reduced with using cation exchange resin. The proposed method was successfully applied to spiked nasal spray and veterinary drug samples. Besides, total selenium, Se (IV) and Se (VI) speciation also conducted with reducing Se (VI) to Se (IV) with HCl in the synthetic mixtures.Öğe Development of quantum dot-phthalocyanine integrated G-quadruplex /double-stranded DNA biosensor(Academic Press Inc., 2022) Topcu, Ayşe; Bağda, Esra; Oymak, Tülay; Durmuş, MahmutIn the present study, the phthalocyanine (Pc) integrated mercaptopropionic acid capped quantum dot (mpa@QD) biosensor has been developed for the quantitative determination of G-quadruplex and double-stranded DNA. The working principle of the developed biosensor platform is based on the quenching of the emission signal of the mpa@QD in the presence of Pc (closed position) and the recovery of the fluorescence signal in the presence of DNA (open position). The parameters affecting biosensor performance, such as Pc type and concentration, were optimized. Since the developed biosensor aimed to determine G-quadruplex and double-stranded DNA in biological samples, the effect of common ions (such as Na+, Mg2+) and serum albumin found in many biological matrices on the biosensor performance were examined. The effect of common ions on biosensor signal was negligible, except Zn2+. The analytical properties of the biosensor, such as linear range, calibration sensitivity, relative standard deviation %, the limit of detection, and quantification, were determined. The limit of detection and quantification values were found 0.055 ?M and 0.18 ?M for AS1411, 0.061 ?M and 0.20 ?M for Tel21, 0.038 ?M and 0.13 ?M for Tel45 and 0.091 ?M and 0.30 ?M for ctDNA. Several different synthetic samples were prepared. The spiked synthetic samples such as mammalian cell medium were used to evaluate the analytical performance of Pc-mpa@QD. All synthetic samples were prepared with polyethylene glycol, which resembles biological samples' crowded environment. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.Öğe Gerçek örneklerde eser düzeyde bulunan inorganik selenyum türlerinin kinetik spektrometrik yöntemle belirlenmesi(Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 2010) Bağda, Esra; Akçay, Mehmetİnorganik selenyum türlerinin belirlenmesi, elementin toksisitesi bakımından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Selenyum türlerinin kinetik spektrofotometrik belirlenmesi, seçenek yöntemlerle kıyaslandığında, pahalı reaktif ve sarf malzemesi gerektirmemesi yanında spektrofotometre gibi her laboratuvarda bulunabilecek bir cihaz ile gerçekleştirilebilmesi gibi önemli avantajlara sahiptir. Bu çalışmada selenyumun kinetik spektrofotometrik belirlenmesi için seçilebilecek yeni indikatör tepkimelerin belirlenmeleri bu tepkime koşullarının optimumlaştırılarak bazı gerçek örneklere uygulanabilirliği araştırılmıştır.Selenyum(IV)'ün katalizör olarak davrandığı tepkimeler içerisinden katalitik etkinin en fazla olduğu Giemsa stain, Methylene yeşili ve Taylor mavisi indikatör tepkimeleri araştırılmıştır. Her üç tepkime için optimum koşullar belirlenmiş ve selenyuma karşı analitik sinyalin doğrusal olduğu aralıklar belirlenek, bu aralıkta girişimci türler için tolerans sınırları araştırılmıştır. Girişim yapan metal iyonlarının uzaklaştırılması için DOWEX 50W X 8-100 kuvvetli bazik katyon değiştirici reçine kullanılmıştır. Katalitik tepkimenin seçiciliği katyon değiştirici reçine kullanılarak büyük oranda artırılmıştır.Geliştirilen indikatör tepkimeler selenyum tayini için, çeşitli veteriner hekim ilaçlarına (Yeldif, Selephose gibi) ve kaplıca suyu örneklerine uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca kaplıca suyu örneklerinde ve yapay örneklerde inorganik selenyum türlemesi çalışmaları yapılmıştır.Optimum koşullar altında üç indikatör tepkimenin hız sabitleri, ve aktifleşme enerjileri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca hız belirleyen basamakta indikatör tepkimeye katılan türlerin yükleri çarpımı ve tepkime mekanizmasının aydınlatılması için birincil kinetik tuz etkisi araştırılmıştır.Öğe Interaction of water soluble cationic gallium (III) phthalocyanines with different G-quadruplex DNAs(Elsevier, 2021/11/1) Bağda, Efkan; Bağda, Esra; Durmuş, Mahmut; Yılmaz, Hasan EmreSmall molecule-G-quadruplex DNA interaction has been gained considerable interest due to existence of G-quadruplex structures in telomeres and promotor regions of proto-oncogenes. In the present study, the interaction of 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tetrakis-[(N-methyl-3-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato]chloro gallium (III) sulphate (TGaPc) and 2, 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23, 24-octakis-[(N-methyl-3-pyridyloxy) phthalocyaninato]chloro gallium (III) sulphate (OGaPc) with different DNA forms (ctDNA and G-quadruplex DNAs) was investigated. The interactions of compounds with DNA was extensively investigated by different methods, such as capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) integrated with a high sensitivity LED-induced fluorescence detector, UV–Vis and circular dichroism spectroscopy, competitive dialysis experiments. UV–Vis. titrations and CGE studies showed that the two phthalocyanine compounds interacted with the G-quadruplex and ctDNA, but the binding affinity of TGaPc was high for AS1411. Dialysis experiments also supported the higher affinity of TGaPc to AS1411. CD studies showed that both TGaPc and OGaPc caused destabilization of Tel21 structure even at low concentrations. This was more or less observed in other G-quadruplex DNAs other than AS1411. The structure of AS1411 remained intact at binding stoichiometric ratios. The viscosimetric studies and gel electrophoresis studies have been used to explore the interaction of TGaPc and OGaPc with ctDNA. The viscosity experiments along with gel electrophoresis confirmed the intercalation binding for ctDNA with OGaPc and groove binding for TGaPc. All results show that these molecules interact with different DNA types at different strengths and different mechanisms and the binding affinity of TGaPc was high for AS1411. Therefore, these compounds have the potential for cancer treatment.Öğe Interaction of water soluble cationic gallium (III) phthalocyanines with different G-quadruplex DNAs(Elsevier, 1 November 2021) Yılmaz, Hasan Emre; Bağda, Efkan; Bağda, Esra; Durmuş, MahmutSmall molecule-G-quadruplex DNA interaction has been gained considerable interest due to existence of G-quadruplex structures in telomeres and promotor regions of proto-oncogenes. In the present study, the interaction of 2(3), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tetrakis-[(N-methyl-3-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato]chloro gallium (III) sulphate (TGaPc) and 2, 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23, 24-octakis-[(N-methyl-3-pyridyloxy) phthalocyaninato]chloro gallium (III) sulphate (OGaPc) with different DNA forms (ctDNA and G-quadruplex DNAs) was investigated. The interactions of compounds with DNA was extensively investigated by different methods, such as capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) integrated with a high sensitivity LED-induced fluorescence detector, UV–Vis and circular dichroism spectroscopy, competitive dialysis experiments. UV–Vis. titrations and CGE studies showed that the two phthalocyanine compounds interacted with the G-quadruplex and ctDNA, but the binding affinity of TGaPc was high for AS1411. Dialysis experiments also supported the higher affinity of TGaPc to AS1411. CD studies showed that both TGaPc and OGaPc caused destabilization of Tel21 structure even at low concentrations. This was more or less observed in other G-quadruplex DNAs other than AS1411. The structure of AS1411 remained intact at binding stoichiometric ratios. The viscosimetric studies and gel electrophoresis studies have been used to explore the interaction of TGaPc and OGaPc with ctDNA. The viscosity experiments along with gel electrophoresis confirmed the intercalation binding for ctDNA with OGaPc and groove binding for TGaPc. All results show that these molecules interact with different DNA types at different strengths and different mechanisms and the binding affinity of TGaPc was high for AS1411. Therefore, these compounds have the potential for cancer treatment.Öğe Investigation of Binding behaviour of a water-soluble gallium (III) phthalocyanine with double-stranded and G-quadruplex DNA via experimental and computational methods(Elsevier, 2021/15/09) Bağda, Efkan; Bağda, Esra; Koçak, Abdulkadir; Durmuş, MahmutDNA is an important target for the development of chemotherapeutic drug design due to increased and uncontrolled cell proliferation of cancer cells. In the present study, the affinity of water-soluble gallium(III) phthalocyanine chloride (GaPc) non-peripherally substituted with 2-mercapto-N-methylpyridinium groups to different types of DNA (double-stranded ctDNA and G-quadruplex DNA) was investigated. The interaction mechanisms were evaluated by UV-Vis, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic techniques, competitive dialysis assay, and capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) system integrated with a high sensitivity LED-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector. Binding mode studies were carried out by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. The experimental binding constants were determined as 1.9 × 106 M−1, 1.1 × 106 M−1, 8.5 × 105 M−1, 2.9 × 104 M−1 for c-MYC, AS1411, Tel21, and ctDNA, respectively. Competitive binding assay confirmed the higher affinity towards G-quadruplex structure rather than ctDNA. The GaPc-G-quadruplex DNA conjugates showed higher Kb constants and a strong absorption band closer to NIR window which is a desired feature for the photodynamic therapy applications. Besides, experimental data show that the formation of GaPc-G-quadruplex DNA conjugates reduced the aggregation of GaPc. Reduction of aggregation of phthalocyanine is important. Because aggregation decreases the photoactivity of most photosensitizers. The experimental results suggested that both intercalative and non‑intercalative binding contributions occurred in the case of double-stranded ctDNA. Confirming experiments, molecular docking studies showed that the GaPc can bind from two different major groove regions in double-stranded DNA while only one binding mode was observed in the G-quadruplex DNA. Both experimental and computational studies suggested that the conformational change and unfolding mechanism in G-quadruplex DNA structure were determined upon interaction with GaPc.Öğe Investigation of Interaction of Bismarck Brown Y- Palladium Complex with AS1411 G-quadruplex Aptamer(2022) Bağda, Esra; Durak, Rümeysa; Bağda, Efkan; Duman, Didem; Ayhan, EbubekirIncreased metabolic activity and metastasis are the main and most known characteristics of cancer cells. Increased activity of the cells results in an increase in the transcription, translation, and replication rate of DNA, hence the probability of the formation of G-quadruplex structures increases. The stabilization or destabilization of G-quadruplex with various ligands may cause disruptions in cell proliferation. So, stabilization or destabilization of these secondary structures is important cancer therapy approach. In the present study, Bismarck brown Y-Pd complex was formed in an easy, one-step mixing method. The spectral characteristics and stoichiometry of the BBY-Pd2 were investigated UV-Vis spectrophotometrically. The interaction of the BBY-Pd2 complex with the AS1411 G-quadruplex structure was investigated with spectrophotometric titration. The binding constants were found as 4.38 (± 1.96) × 104 M-1. The effect of the complex on the G-quadruplex conformation of AS1411 was investigated by using circular dichroism (CD) spectrophotometer. The existence of interactions was further supported by DNA polymerase stop assay using a high-sensitivity LED-induced fluorescence detector Qsep100 capillary gel electrophoresis system.Öğe Investigation of Interaction of Bismarck Brown Y- Palladium Complex with AS1411 G-quadruplex Aptamer(Miraç OCAK, 2022) Bağda, Esra; Durak, Rümeysa; Bağda, Efkan; Duman, Didem; Ayhan, EbubekirArtan metabolik aktivite ve metastaz, kanser hücrelerinin ana ve en bilinen özellikleridir. Hücrelerin artan aktivitesi, G-dörtlü yapıların oluşumunda artışa neden olur. G-quadruplex'in çeşitli ligandlarla stabilizasyonu veya destabilizasyonu, hücre proliferasyonunda bozulmalara neden olabilir. Dolayısıyla, bu ikincil yapının stabilizasyonu veya destabilizasyonu önemli antikanser ilaç hedefleridir. Bu çalışmada, Bismarck kahverengi Y-Pd kompleksi, kolay, tek aşamalı bir karıştırma yöntemiyle oluşturulmuştur. Kompleksin spektral özellikleri ve stokiyometrisi, Uv-vis spektrofotometrik olarak araştırıldı. 1:2, Bismarck Brown Y-Pd kompleksinin AS1411 G-dörtlü yapı ile etkileşimi spektrofotometrik titrasyon ile araştırıldı. Bağlanma sabitleri hesaplandı ve 4.38 (±1.96) x104 M-1 olarak bulundu. Kompleksin G-dörtlü konformasyon üzerindeki etkisi CD spektroskopisi ile araştırıldı. Etkileşimlerin varlığı, yüksek hassasiyetli LED kaynaklı floresan dedektör Qsep100 kapiler jel elektroforez sistemi kullanılarak DNA polimeraz durdurma testi ile desteklenmiştir.Öğe Nükleolin Hedefli G-Quadrupleks Taşıyıcı Sisteme Dayalı Akıllı Kemoterapötik Ajan Geliştirilmesi ve Fotodinamik Terapide Uygulamaları(2021) Bağda, Esra; Gürsan, Kadriye Arzum Erdem; Durmuş, Mahmut; Altun, Ahmet; Bağda, Efkan; Şahin, Gamze; Aydın, FadimeDünya sağlık örgütü verilerine göre 2020 yılında 2,2 milyondan fazla vaka sayısı ile meme kanseri en yaygın görülen kanser türlerindendir. Yaklaşık her 12 kadından biri hayatları boyunca meme kanserine yakalanmaktadır ve kadınlarda kanser kaynaklı ölümlerin başında meme kanseri gelmektedir. Meme kanseri ölüm vakaları daha çok orta ve düşük düzeyli ekonomiye sahip ülkelerde görülmektedir. Ekonomik, etkin ve ulaşılabilir meme kanseri tedavisi mortalite verilerinde iyileşmeye neden olacaktır. Kanserleşme hücre proliferasyonundaki değişikliklerle birlikte hücre, yüzeyinde bulunan kompleks yapılarda meydana gelen fiziksel ve kimyasal değişimler olarak tanımlanır. Kanserleşme ile birlikte hücre yüzey belirteçlerinin farklılaşması, bazı proteinlerin ekspresyonundaki değişimeler kanser yüzey belirteçlerini ilaç hedefleri olarak kullanımını sağlamaktadır. Nükleolin meme kanseri gibi bazı önemli kanser türlerinde yüzey ekspresyonu artan proteinlerden bir tanesidir. Hücre yüzey biyobelirteçlerini hedefleyen önemli yöntemlerden biri nükleik asit temelli aptamerlerdir. Aptamerler kolay ve ucuz kimyasal yöntemlerle sentezlenebilmeleri, sentez tekrarlanırlıklarının yüksek olması, ticari olarak fazla miktarda üretilebilmeleri, kolaylıkla modifiye edilebilmeleri, kararlılıkları, toksik olmamaları, özellikle antidotlar için agnostik (yarışmacı) aptamerlerin bulunması, dokulara hızlı penetrasyonları ve düşük immünojenizitelerinden dolayı antikorlara göre daha avantajlı terapötik ajanlardır. Ftalosiyaninler, singlet oksijen kuantum verimleri yüksek, konjüge ? sistemlerine sahip, biyomoleküller ile etkileşime uygun düzlemsel bileşiklerdir. Bu bileşikler uygun ışıma ile uyarıldıklarında fototoksik singlet oksijen oluşturabilmelerinden dolayı fotodinamik terapi için oldukça kullanışlı fotoduyarlı ajanlardır. Fotodinamik terapi (FDT) herhangi bir ilaç direncinin gelişimine neden olmaması, yan etkilerinin az olması, dokuya hedeflenebilir olması, ucuz ve kolay uygulanabilmesi ve gerçek zamanlı dozaj ayarlanmasına olanak sağlaması gibi birçok avantaja sahip terapi yöntemidir. Bu tedavinin etkinliği tümöre fotoduyarlaştırıcı ajanın etkin birikimi ile doğrudan alakalıdır. Proje kapsamında, Fs-AS1411 konjugantları geliştirilerek meme kanseri FDT sinde kullanabilirlikleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma için suda çözünen, merkezinde In ve Ga atomları bulunduran periferal-tetra, non-periferal-tetra ve periferal-okta (4-merkaptopiridin) sübstitüe Fs molekülleri sentezlenerek karakterize edilmiştir. Elde edilen Fs molekülleri, nükleonine kuvvetli affinite gösteren AS1411 G-quadrupleks aptameri ile etkileştirilerek konjugantlar oluşturulmuştur. Fs-AS1411 konjugantlarının konformasyonal değişimi, stabilitesi gibi bir çok özelliği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, Fs-AS1411 etkileşimi kolay uygulanabilir, maliyeti düşük, hızlı, duyarlı ve seçimli analizi mümkün kılan elektrokimyasal yöntemlerle de tayin edildi. Geliştirilen konjugantların fotositotoksik etkisi meme kanseri (MCF-7) ve doxorubicin dirençli (MCF-7R) meme kanseri ile meme bezi (MCF-10A) hücre hatları kullanılarak araştırıldı. Ayrıca Fs-AS1411 konjugant sisteminin seçiciliği ve terapötik kapasitesi diğer bir kemoterapötik ajan olan doxorubicin ile kıyaslanmıştır.Öğe Sediment örneklerinin ultrasonik destekli ardışık ekstraksiyon ve mikrodalga çözündürme yöntemleri ile kimyasal analize hazırlanması(Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, 2006) Bağda, Esra; Özkan, HikmetÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi SEDİMENT ÖRNEKLERİNİN ULTRASONİK DESTEKLİ ARDIŞIK EKSTRAKSİYON VE MİKRODALGA ÇÖZÜNDÜRME YÖNTEMLERİ İLE KİMYASAL ANALİZE HAZIRLANMASI Esra BAĞDA Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Kimya Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. M. Hikmet ÖZKAN Bu çalışmada, sediment örneklerinin kimyasal analize hazırlanması için yaygın olarak kullanılan BCR (Avrupa birliği referans bürosu) yöntemine ultrasonik etkinin uygulanması araştırılmıştır. BCR yöntemiyle, toprak ve sediment örneklerinde toksik metallerin toplam derişimlerinin yanında özgül kimyasal formlarının (adsorbe, oksit ve organik bağlı) belirlenmesi de mümkündür. Bununla birlikte yöntemin uygulanmasında her bir adım 16 saat gibi uzun bir sürede tamamlanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise mekanik çalkalama işlemleri yerine ultrasonik prob destekli liçing çözeltileri kullanımıyla sediment örneklerinin kimyasal formları hakkında bilgiler sağlanacağı varsayılmıştır. BCR yöntemindeki üç adıma ultrasonik süre araştırması (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ve 15 dakikalarda) yapılarak Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Mn ve Fe düzeyleri Alevli AAS ve ICP-AES ile belirlenmiştir. Buna göre optimum ultrasonik sürenin 6 dakika olduğu saptanmıştır. Sediment örneklerindeki ultrasonik destekli BCR (UBCR) yöntemiyle bulunan metal düzeyleri, BCR, Mikrodalga, ve kral Suyu yöntemleriyle de analiz edilerek karşılaştırılmıştır. UBCR yönteminin doğruluğu, standart referans örnek (Montana soil 2711) üzerinde test edilmiştir. Standart örnek üzerinde UBCR yöntemiyle metal kazanımları, %85 Pb, %90 Zn, %95 Ni, %100 Cr, %94 Mn ve %83 Fe olarak bulunmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sediment örneği, ardışık ekstraksiyon, AAS, ICP-AES.Öğe The recent studies about the interaction of phthalocyanines with DNA(2021) Bağda, Esra; Bağda, EfkanCancer is one of the major diseases affecting all humanity with high mortality rates worldwide. Its treatment is difficult, long-term and expensive. Due to its side effects, it is troublesome for both the patient and their attendants. Cancer treatment is basically divided into three: surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Photodynamic therapy offers one of the most important and promising treatment methods, especially in recent years. Photodynamic therapy takes the steps of administering the photo-sensitizing compound to the body and stimulating it with a light of appropriate wavelength after its accumulation in the target tissue. With the formation of complex processes that take place in the target area with the reactive oxygen species formed by the stimulated compounds, death or the inhibition of the proliferation of the cells causes situations such as the destruction of the target tissue. Phthalocyanines constitute an important group of photo-sensitizers used in photodynamic therapy. Stability of these compounds and their strong absorption close to therapeutic window make these compounds important. With large ? systems, they can bind with many biological macromolecules, including DNA, with high affinity by many mechanisms, including the ? - ? stacking. This review article describes the last three years of studies in the WOS database about the interactions of phthalocyanines with DNA. The interactions of phthalocyanines with DNA are important as they can make a difference in the proliferation of tumor cells. On the other hand, DNA replication and transcription has increased due to the increasing metabolic rate of these cells. The DNA double strand opened during replication, and gene expression allows the formation of different secondary structures such as hairpin, triple, junctions, and G-quadruplex. The interaction of G-quadruplex DNA structures with these compounds, which can be formed in the guanine-rich regions of the DNA sequences opened in these processes, has been described in studies.Öğe The recent studies about the interaction of phthalocyanines with DNA(Miraç OCAK, 2021) Bağda, Esra; Bağda, EfkanCancer is one of the major diseases affecting all humanity with high mortality rates worldwide. Its treatment is difficult, long-term and expensive. Due to its side effects, it is troublesome for both the patient and their attendants. Cancer treatment is basically divided into three: surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Photodynamic therapy offers one of the most important and promising treatment methods, especially in recent years. Photodynamic therapy takes the steps of administering the photo-sensitizing compound to the body and stimulating it with a light of appropriate wavelength after its accumulation in the target tissue. With the formation of complex processes that take place in the target area with the reactive oxygen species formed by the stimulated compounds, death or the inhibition of the proliferation of the cells causes situations such as the destruction of the target tissue. Phthalocyanines constitute an important group of photo-sensitizers used in photodynamic therapy. Stability of these compounds and their strong absorption close to therapeutic window make these compounds important. With large Π systems, they can bind with many biological macromolecules, including DNA, with high affinity by many mechanisms, including the Π - Π stacking. This review article describes the last three years of studies in the WOS database about the interactions of phthalocyanines with DNA. The interactions of phthalocyanines with DNA are important as they can make a difference in the proliferation of tumor cells. On the other hand, DNA replication and transcription has increased due to the increasing metabolic rate of these cells. The DNA double strand opened during replication, and gene expression allows the formation of different secondary structures such as hairpin, triple, junctions, and G-quadruplex. The interaction of G-quadruplex DNA structures with these compounds, which can be formed in the guanine-rich regions of the DNA sequences opened in these processes, has been described in studies.
