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Öğe COMPARISON OF LITHOLOGIC MAPPING WITH ASTER AND HYPERION DATA: A CASE STUDY IN THE NORTHERN OF ZARA (SIVAS), TURKEY(GEOBALCANICA SOC, 2018) Canbaz, Oktay; Atun, Rutkay; Gursoy, Onder; Gokce, Ahmet; Turk, Tarik; Birdal, Anil CanHydrothermal alteration is one of the most important steps in the exploration of precious ore deposits. In this study, it is aimed to detect the hydrothermal alteration areas and mineral contents they preserve with ASTER and Hyperion satellite images and compare the obtained results. Because of the presence of intensive hydrothermal alteration and poor vegetation, the area which is located at the northern part of Zara district of Sivas Province has been chosen as the study area. Contact zones of Argillic (Kaolinite, illite), phyllic (serisite, muscovite) and propylitic (chlorite, calsite, epidote) alteration areas were detected with field studies, petrographic and geochemical investigations. The spectral signatures of hydrothermal minerals were measured via ASD spectroradiometer from the representative samples belonging to hydrothermal alteration study areas. According to the results, obtaining the hydrothermal alteration maps from ASTER and Hyperion satellite data are in coincide with the geological map.Öğe Detecting Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Alteration Areas with Integration of ASTER Image and Spectral Data in Kosedag-Zara (Sivas), Turkey(SPRINGER INDIA, 2018) Canbaz, Oktay; Gursoy, Onder; Gokce, AhmetRemote sensing technology and its terrestrial components are more useful than classical geological investigation in mineral exploration and mapping the hydrothermal alteration areas and help to investigate larger areas in short time. Intrusive and volcanic rocks, namely Kosedag syenite and Karatas volcanics in Kosedag (Zara) area shows argillic alteration zones. Two different test area were chosen and sampled for mineralogical studies. XRD-CF investigations showed that kaolinite and illite are the dominant clay minerals in test areas of A and B respectively. The spectroradiometer measurements were carried out 5 times on different surfaces of clayey samples with self-illuminated contact-probe lens within the wavelength range of 350-2500 nm. The spectroradiometer measurements used as endmember were resampled to ASTER short wave infrared (SWIR) bandwidths. Band ratio, principal component and decorrelation stretching analysis were performed to visualize the distribution of clay minerals. In spectral classification method, matched filtering (MF) was used for integrating the satellite image and spectroradiometer measurement data. It was concluded that co-interpretations of the band ratio, principal component, decorrelation stretching analysis, MF results and geological map are very useful in determining, classifying and mapping of the argillic alteration zones related to hydrothermal processes on ASTER image and they seem to be very useful to identify the target areas for mineral exploration.Öğe Fluid evolution of mixed base-metal gold mineralization in the Tethys belt: Koru deposit, Turkey(SOC GEOLOGY APPLIED MINERAL DEPOSITS-SGA, 2017) Bozkaya, Gulcan; Bozkaya, Omer; Banks, David A.; Gokce, Ahmet; MercierLangevin, P; Dube, B; Bardoux, M; Ross, PS; Dion, CKoru is one of a number of base-metal gold deposits hosted by Oligo-Miocene volcano-sedimentary rocks of deposits in the Biga peninsula. Barite, quartz and galena are main minerals and are accompanied by minor amounts of sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, covellite and marcasite. Th of fluid inclusions indicates two distinct fluid pulses, one at high temperature (340 degrees C) commensurate with epithermal mineralization and boiling/near boiling conditions and the second approximately 150 degrees C lower. Salinity in both instances was from 11-0.2 wt. % NaCl. The range of temperatures within individual samples is consistent with variations from near lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure during vein and fracture opening. There are two different ranges of delta S-34 values of H2S in equilibrium with barite (+5.5 to +7.9 parts per thousand) and sulfide minerals (-2.1 to -0.5 parts per thousand), indicating that the sulfur in sulfide minerals and barite derived from different sources; magmatic and seawater respectively.Öğe Genesis of Tertiary Akcakis,la vein-type Pb-Zn-Cu mineralisation (Central Anatolia, Turkey): Evidence from fluid inclusion and O, H, S, Pb-isotope compositions(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Unal-Cakir, Esra; Gokce, Ahmet; Harris, ChrisThe Akcakis,la Pb-Zn-Cu vein type deposit is one of the active mining deposits located in the Akdagmadeni (Yozgat) metallogenic province in Turkey. The sulfide vein deposit, trending E-W, is hosted by calcschist of the Akcakis,la and Topaktas, formations of Akdagmadeni metamorphites, which are intruded by the Central Anatolian granitoids and overlain by sedimentary and Tertiary volcanic rocks. Microthermometric measurements indicate that the Pb-Zn-Cu deposit formed by hydrothermal fluids containing dissolved CaCl2, MgCl2 and NaCl. A mixing of fluids with greatly varying salinities and temperatures is shown by the wide range of calculated salinity (0.2-10.4%) and temperature (170-400 degrees C) values. Isotope ratios of oxygen (& delta;18OH2O =-5.09 to +4.71%o) and hydrogen (& delta;D =-67%o and-82%o) suggest that water in hydrothermal fluid might be either mixing of meteoric and magmatic waters or meteoric water that oxygen isotope composition was modified by fluid-rock interaction. Sulphide minerals exhibit & delta;34S values ranging from 5.51%o to 8.40%o, which assume a magmatic sulphur source modified by assimilation of upper crustal material (possibly the host metamorphites). In galena from the studied Akcakis,la Pb-Zn-Cu deposit ratios of 206Pb/204Pb (18.783-18.821),207Pb/204Pb (15.654-15.700) and 208Pb/204Pb (38.874-39.039) suggest a mixture of lead sources from orogenic-upper crust materials. We assume that hydrothermal fluids dissolved the sulphur from the intruded granitoids and the lead from the host metamorphites. The galena Pb model ages values point out two different ore forming ages; suggesting initial formation in upper Cretaceous (87 Ma) and highly reworking in Eocene-Oligocene (23 and 39 Ma).Öğe Geochemical characteristics of the Eocene Karatas volcanics (Northeast Sivas, Turkey) in the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone(Maden Tetkik Ve Arama Genel Mudurlugu-Mta, 2020) Canbaz, Oktay; Gokce, Ahmet; Ekici, Taner; Yilmaz, HuseyinKaratas volcanics, is the product of Eocene volcanics crop out in the form of two belts along the northern and southern boundaries of the izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone. According to geochemical data, these volcanics have alkaline basic-intermediate character and consist of basaltic trachyandesite, trachyandesite and trachyte. This volcanic activity has been controlled by fractional crystallization and crustal contamination from basaltic trachyandesite to trachyte. Orientation of the samples towards amphibole area on the Rb/Sr - Ba/Rb ratio diagrams, dispersion of the Zr/Ba ratios (0.08 - 0.33) in the lithospheric mantle range, increase in the Ba/Rb ratio, decreases in the MgO, Ni and Cr contents point out that this volcanism originated from enriched lithospheric mantle rather than asthenospheric mantle. Geochemical data show that this enriched lithospheric mantle material is upper continental crustal material, main part of enrichment resulted by the subduction related fluids and also the contribution of the sedimentary materials. This situation may be explained that; the melts, derived from N-MORB or OIB bearing material ascended into the continental crust in a pre-collisional period and were reactivated by extensional tectonic and/or delamination processes during the post-collisional period, possibly caused the partial melting within the upper continental crust and produced the Karata volcanics.Öğe Geology and Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Akguney (Kabaduz-Ordu) Copper-Lead-Zinc Deposits(Tmmob Jeoloji Muhendisleri Odasi, 2007) Unal, Esra; Gokce, AhmetThe Akguney copper lead zinc deposit is one of the widely occuring and workable deposits in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. This deposit consists of ore veins found along the fault zones hosted by hardly altered Upper Cretaceaous andesitic rocks. Seven ore veins have been identified and numbered as D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4, D-5, D-6 and D-7. These ore veins, excluding D-7, have strikes and dips of N 70-80 degrees W, 50-60 degrees NE, while the last one has a dip of E-W, 25 degrees S. The ore veins are cropt out as hardly limonitezed and hematitized quartz veins. Two different ore types were distinguished within the D-1 and D-2 veins which are being mined in the adits. The first one consists of quartz and fine grained pyrite, while the second one consists of quartz, calcite and coarse grained sulfide minerals such as chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, fahlor and secondary limonite veinlets in addition to pyrite. The succession of these minerals have been identified as: pyrite galena chalcopyrite-I sphalerite chakopyrite-II (+/- fahlor)-quartz-calcite. Fluid inclusion data indicate that the ore forming fluids contain CaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl and possibly KCl as salts, the salinity of the fluids is in the range of 24.34 to 13.94 (avr = 19.0) % NaCl equivalent, and the temperature of the fluids is in the range of 349.0 to 276.0 degrees C (avr 307.0 degrees C) during the crystallization of the quartz, going down to 211.0 degrees C through the later stages of mineralization.Öğe Geology, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope (O, H, S, C) characteristics of the Hazinemagara (Gumushane) lead-zinc deposit, NE Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2019) Unal Cakir, Esra; Gokce, AhmetThe Hazinemagara (Gumushane) Pb-Zn deposit is located in the southern part of the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt in northeastern Turkey. It occurs as irregularly shaped ore bodies with breccia fill structure within the intraformational breccia or brecciated horizons of limestone in the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Berdiga Formation. The dominant ore minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and tetrahedrite, and the major gangue minerals are calcite, quartz, and barite. Microthermometric investigations of the fluid inclusions show that the ore-forming fluids contain CaCl2 and MgCl2 in addition to NaCl. The salinity of the fluid ranges from 1.7% to 9.2% with an average of 5.7% (wt.% NaCl equivalent) (n - 93). The homogenization temperature of the fluid ranges from 160.0 to 386.0 degrees C with an average of 263.5 degrees C (n = 98). The plots of the delta D values of water trapped in fluid inclusions hosted by barite and quartz (in the range of 92 parts per thousand to 81 parts per thousand) and the delta O-18 values calculated for water in equilibrium with these minerals (4.1 parts per thousand to 18.5 parts per thousand) are closer to the magmatic range than any other water sources and suggest the presence of magmatic water in hydrothermal fluid with some modifications by interaction with fluid from surrounding sedimentary rocks. The sulfur isotope composition of sulfide minerals (in the range of -7.8 parts per thousand(VCDT) to +5.4 parts per thousand(VCDT) avg.: -2.0 parts per thousand; n = 13) indicates a magmatic source for sulfur. It is concluded that the magmatic water derived from deep-seated Eocene plutonic rocks (Kackar Granitoids-I and -II) possibly carried metals and the sulfur derived from the source magma or leached from magmatic rocks on the pathway along the fault zones and precipitated mainly within voids between limestone fragments in intraformational breccia horizons of the Berdiga Formation. The Berdiga Formation is observed in large areas within the Eastern Pontide region and the intraformational breccia horizons could provide large stratabound ore potential.Öğe Lead and Sulfur Isotope Studies of the Koru (Canakkale, Turkey) Lead-Zinc Deposits(SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY-TUBITAK, 2009) Bozkaya, Guelcan; Gokce, AhmetKoru (Canakkale) barite-bearing lead-zinc deposits are typical examples of the lead-zinc deposits occurring in the Tertiary volcanic rocks which crop out in the Biga Peninsula. Volcanic rocks around the investigated deposits are distinguished as Eocene Akcaalan andesite, Oligocene Adadagi pyroclastics, Miocene Dededag dacite and Plio-Quaternary Karaomerler basalt. The investigated deposits are hosted by Adadagi pyroclastics and show two different mineralization styles such as stockwork ore veinlets in the upper parts and ore veins along the fault zones in WNW-ESE direction, in the lower parts. Sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, quartz, barite and calcite are the main minerals and they are accompanied by small amounts of fahlore (tennantite), marcasite, covellite and bornite. Sulfur isotope studies show that the delta(34)S values of sphalerite, galena and barite change in the range of -1.9 to -0.1 (average -1.2) parts per thousand(VCDT), -5.2 to -3.0 (average -3.9) parts per thousand(VCDT) and +14.9 to +17.3 (average +16.5) parts per thousand(VCDT), respectively. There are two different ranges of delta(34)S values of H(2)S in equilibrium with barite (+5.5 to +7.9 parts per thousand) and sulfide minerals (-2.1 to -0.5 parts per thousand), indicating that the sulfur in sulfide minerals and barite derived from different sources. The similarity of the delta 34S values of barite to those of precipitated sulfate minerals in sediments or SO(4)(=) ions dissolved in sea water of Late Tertiary suggests that the sulfur in barite was derived from the precipitated sulfate minerals or SO(4)(=) ions dissolved in pore water in surrounding volcano-sedimentary units. On the other hand, proximity of the delta(34)S values of sphalerite, galena and H(2)S (in equilibrium with these two minerals) to 0 parts per thousand points to a genetic relation of the sulfur with the volcanic components of the surrounding volcano-sedimentary units. Lead isotope data are close to those of a model orogenic reservoir and are very different from a mantle-related reservoir. Calculated Pb-isotope model ages for these deposits (from 70 to 1 Ma) are in accordance with the possible geological age of the mineralization (post Oligocene) and indicate that the lead in galena was derived from the surrounding Eocene - Quaternary volcanic and volcano-sedimentary units. These data, along with the results of previous studies related to trace element and REE abundances and O- and H-isotope compositions, suggest that the Pb, Zn, Cu and S in sulfide minerals were leached from the volcanic components of the volcano-sedimentary units, while the Ba and S in barite were leached from the precipitated sulfate minerals or SO(4)(=) ions dissolved in pore water in surrounding volcano-sedimentary units by deep circulation of meteoric water.Öğe Lead and sulfur isotopic studies of the barite-galena deposits in the Karalar area (Gazipasa-Antalya), Southern Turkey(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2007) Gokce, Ahmet; Bozkaya, GulcanThe Gazipasa area is covered by Paleozoic-Lower Mesozoic metaclastics and metacarbonates of the Antalya tectonostratigraphic unit, and contains carbonate-hosted lead-zinc and barite deposits. The Buyuk and Boyalik mines investigated in this study contain ore veins and veinlets of barite (80-85%) and galena (10-15%) with small amounts of sphalerite, pyrite, tetrahedrite, limonite, quartz, and calcite. Textural evidence indicates that barite was formed and mylonitized prior to the precipitation of sulfides. The latter occurred in the porous zones between the brecciated barite crystals, especially in the highly mylonitized zones. Sulfur isotopic studies indicate that the sulfur in barite and galena have been derived from different sources. The isotopic composition of sulfur in barite is very different from the sulfur in the Paleozoic rocks of the area, and resembles sea water sulfates and/or sulfate minerals from Late Triassic to the present, while the sulfur of H2S, dissolved in the hydrothermal fluid which precipitated the galena, has a similar isotopic composition to the calcareous rocks of the surrounding Paleozoic formations. Lead isotopic studies indicate that the lead in galena was derived from an upper crustal source with higher U-238/Pb-204 and Th-232/Pb-204 ratios than the average for continental crust. The Pb-isotope model ages for these deposits, range from 434 to 345 Ma (average value is 372 +/- 62 Ma), indicate a Late Ordovician to Lower Carboniferous age. These Pb isotope model ages are not in accordance with the geological data which indicate a Post-Triassic age for the mineralization. The sulfur and lead isotope results suggest that the sulfur in the barite was leached from a Late Triassic to Recent sulfate reservoir, while the sulfur and lead in galena was leached either from the Late Ordovician to Lower Carboniferous carbonate rocks of the area, or from contemporaneous sulfide deposits formed in these rocks. The galena deposits are composed of upper crustal lead deposited along fault zones in the limestones of the Permian Bickici Formation and in small cracks developed in the lower part of these limestones along the overthrust zone between the Triassic Camlica and Permian Bickici Formations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Microthermometric and O- and H-isotope characteristics of the mineralizing fluid in the Akguney copper-lead-zinc deposit, NE Turkey(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2009) Unal, Esra; Gokce, Ahmet; Harris, ChrisThe Akguney copper-lead-zinc deposit (Ordu Province) is actively mined in the eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. This deposit consists of ore-bearing veins emplaced along fault zones and hosted by slightly altered Upper Cretaceous andesites. Seven ore veins, D-1 to D-7, have been identified. These veins strike N 70-80W with a dip of 50-60NE, except for D7 which strikes E-W with a dip of 25S. The ore-bearing quartz vein outcrops are slightly limonitized and hematitized. Two different ore associations are distinguished within the D-1 and D-2 veins. The first contains only pyrite, whereas the second consists of coarse-grained sulphides such as chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, and secondary limonite veinlets in addition to pyrite. Quartz and calcite are the gangue minerals. The mineral paragenesis has been identified as: pyritegalenachalcopyrite (I)sphaleritechalcopyrite (II)(tetrahedrite ?)quartzcalcite. Fluid inclusion data indicate that the ore-forming fluids contained significant concentrations of divalent cations in addition to NaCl. The salinity of the fluids lies in the range 14-24% (ave.=19.0) NaCl equivalent; liquid homogenization temperatures range from 276 to 349C (ave.=307C) and decrease to 211C through the later stages of mineralization. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data are consistent with the mineralizing fluid being of meteoric origin, with modification of the oxygen isotope composition by exchange with the volcanic host rocks. However, low D values suggest a magmatic water component in some samples. The combination of fluid inclusion and stable isotope data suggest that the Akguney Cu-Pb-Zn vein-type deposits were formed by the leaching of metals and sulphur from the surrounding volcano-sedimentary rocks by deep-circulating meteoric water.Öğe Microthermometric and stable isotopic (O and H) characteristics of fluid inclusions in the porphyry related Copler (Ilic - Erzincan) gold deposit, central eastern Turkey(DE GRUYTER OPEN LTD, 2014) Canbaz, Oktay; Gokce, AhmetThe Copler gold deposit occurs within the stockwork of quartz hosted by the Copler granitoid (Eosen) and by surrounding metasediments of Keban metamorphic (Late Paleozoic - Early Mesozoic) and the Munzur limestones (Late Carboniferous - Early Cretaceous). Native gold accompanied by small amounts of chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite, maghemite, hematite, fahlerz, marcasite, bornite, galena, sphalerite, specular hematite, goethite, lepidochrosite and bravoitic pyrite within the stockwork ore veinlets. In addition, epidote (pistazite - zoisite), garnet, scapolite, chlorite, tremolite/actinolite, muscovite and opaque minerals were determined within the veinlets occurred in skarn zones. The study of fluid inclusions in quartz veinlets showed that the hydrothermal fluids contain CaCl2, MgCl2 and NaCl and the salinities of the two phases (L+V) inclusions range from 1.7 to 20.6% NaCl equivalent. Salinity values up to 44% were determined within the halite bearing three phases inclusions. Their homogenization temperature values have a wide range from 145.0 to 380.0A degrees C, indicative of catathermal/hypothermal to epithermal conditions. The delta O-18 and delta D values of the fluid inclusion waters from the Copler granitoid correspond to those assigned to Primary Magmatic Water, those from the metasediments of Keban metamorphics fall outside of the Primary Magmatic and are within the Metamorphic Water field. A sample from a quartz vein within the skarn zone hosted by the Munzur limestones has a particularly low delta D value. The results suggest that fluids derived from the granitoids were mixed with those derived from the metasediments of Keban metamorphics and the the Munzur limestones and resulting in quartz veinlets in these lithologies and the formation of stockwork ores. In view of the occurrence, the features described and processes envisaged for this study area may be applicable in similar settings.Öğe Mineralization characteristics of Lead-Zinc-Copper deposits in Akdagmadeni Region (Northern Central Anatolia, Türkiye): Integration of field study, geochemical, isotope, and geophysical data(Elsevier Gmbh, 2024) Gokce, Ahmet; Canbaz, Oktay; Cakir, Esra Unal; Bozkaya, Gulcan; Bektas, Ozcan; Basdelioglu, OrbayThe Akdagmadeni region is one of the important Pb-Zn-Cu metallogenic provinces in T & uuml;rkiye. Most of the Pb-ZnCu deposits in the region are located near granitoid intrusions within metamorphic rocks, and they are typically classified as skarn-type ores associated with granitoids. However, no relationship has been determined between the Bas,& ccedil;atak prospect and any granitoid outcrop. This raises the question of whether the Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization in the region is related to granitoids or if magmatic processes remobilized pre-existing mineralization. Observations from field studies suggest that mineralization in the Bas,& ccedil;atak prospect is a stratiform type, metamorphosed occurrence that might have occurred earlier than the granitic intrusions. The geochemical data indicated that the granitoids have low-grade, subeconomic Cu potential and no Zn productivity potential, supporting these observations. Geophysical data also show that there is no intrusive body beneath this prospect. Granitoid-related deposits (Karapir- Ortakoy and Ak & ccedil;ak & imath;s,la) exhibit two distinct occurrences around the contact between the granite and the surrounding metamorphic rocks. The first type of occurrence (O-1) is formed at the contact and contains magnetite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite. The second type of occurrence (O-2) is located outside the contact and is rich in sphalerite and galena. Both O-1 and O-2 contain skarn minerals along with ore minerals. The delta 34 S values of sulfide minerals from the deposits range from-0,7 to 7,5 parts per thousand (V-CDT). These values overlap with those of both magmatic sulfur and reduced sulfur from seawater-dissolved sulfate, making it difficult to suggest a sulfur source without additional data. Lead isotope compositions of the galenas from all deposits plot above the average crustal growth curve, suggesting an upper crustal and orogenic source similar to Western Mediterranean and T & uuml;rkiye type materials described in the literature for the lead, source in different time intervals. Furthermore, Pb isotope geochemistry suggests a contemporaneous age with the host metamorphic rocks (Carboniferous - Lower Permian) for the Bas,& ccedil;atak prospect. These results support observations indicating a syn-genetic formation for the Bas,& ccedil;atak prospect. The age range of granite-related deposits forms two sub-groups:105-77 Ma and 61-50 Ma corresponding to the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene transition. These data indicate that that the galenas were formed in two different stages in these mineralizations. Stratiform mineralization in the Bas,& ccedil;atak prospect likely formed either through exhalative sedimentary processes by hydrothermal fluids or through chemical sedimentary processes under reductive conditions in a marine environment during metamorphism. O-1 appears to have been formed by hydrothermal fluids developed during granitic magmatism. A plausible formation process for O-2 involves the leaching of sulfur, lead and other metals from Bas,& ccedil;atak type enrichments in metamorphics, with transportation and deposition within the epidotized calc-schist and marbles outside the granitoid contacts. The uplift of granitic intrusions prepared the channels and depositional environment for O-2 and caused heating of the hydrothermal fluids during this mineralization period.Öğe P-T-X constraints on the Koru epithermal base-metal (± Au) deposit, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey(Elsevier, 2020) Bozkaya, Gulcan; Bozkaya, Omer; Banks, David A.; Gokce, AhmetThe Koru deposit is a typical intermediate sulfidation base-metal (+/- Au) example of volcanic-volcaniclastic hosted mineralization in the Biga Peninsula and northwestern Turkey. Ore deposition was associated with the collisional and post-collisional tectonics related to the closure of the Tethys Ocean. Galena, baryte and quartz are main minerals, accompanied by minor amounts of sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, covellite and marcasite. The homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions indicates two distinct fluid pulses, one at a temperature commensurate with epithermal mineralization and boiling/near boiling conditions at c. 350 degrees C, with the second approximately 150-200 degrees C lower. Salinity in both instances was from 11.0 to 0.2 wt% NaCl. The dD and d18O values of water in equilibrium with early quartz and fluid inclusions plot close to the magmatic water box indicating the source of the high temperature fluid was magmatic. delta D and delta O-18 values from early and late baryte trend towards the meteoric water line (MWL), but this is not due to mixing with meteoric water, rather equilibration with alteration assemblages at decreasing temperature. LA-ICP-MS analyses of fluid inclusions reveal high Cu-Zn-Pb concentrations in the fluids, despite their low salinity, transported as chloride complexes. The range of temperatures within the early quartz and sphalerite mineralization can be explained by pressure variations during vein and fracture opening.
