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Öğe A new methodology for determining the long-term behavior of earth surface deformations from InSAR results(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Gul, Yavuz; Hastaoglu, Kemalzgur Ozgur; Poyraz, FatihThe InSAR method is an effective method of presenting the temporal change and behavior characteristics of surface deformations to users and monitoring deformations. In general, it is possible to determine the spatial distribution and magnitude of surface deformations using InSAR analysis results. However, more detailed analyses should be performed to reveal and interpret the long-term behavior of deformations from these results. It is especially important to classify deformation velocities and present the temporal change and behavior characteristics of deformations by analyzing the densities of these classes and their periodic changes. This study developed a new methodology and software to present the temporal change and behavior characteristics of deformations to users. With the new methodology and software developed, values such as time-dependent increasing/decreasing trend of deformations, continuity, velocity value and class, and areal ratio/density can be determined and long-term behavior characteristics of deformations can be revealed. It is possible to make more reliable predictions of future behavior by considering the current increasing or decreasing trend of deformation behavior. The methodology and software developed were used to monitor surface deformations at the dump site of Kangal/Kalburc,ay & imath;r & imath; open-pit coal mine, and the results were discussed. Owing to the method developed, deformation behavior was determined, and the prospective support heel precaution was taken. The new situation and deformation behavior that occurred as a result of this precaution were examined with the same methodology and software, and the success of the support heel was discussed. (c) 2024 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of COSPAR.Öğe Active surface deformations detected by precise levelling surveys in the Afyon-Aksehir Graben, Western Anatolia, Turkey(UNIV ZAGREB , ANDRIJA MOHOROVICIC GEOPHYS INST, 2019) Triyakioglu, Ibrahim; Yigit, Cemal Ozer; Ozkaymak, Caglar; Baybura, Tamer; Yilmaz, Mustafa; Ugur, Mehmet Ali; Yalcin, Mustafa; Poyraz, Fatih; Sozbilir, Hasan; Gulal, Vahap EnginIn the actively deforming region of western Anatolia, crustal deformation is accommodated by destructive earthquakes and a variety of aseismic events. In this study, we investigated the 2016-2017 aseismic sequence located in the Bolvadin Fault, one of the segments of the Aksehir-Simav Fault System of western Anatolia by analysing surface deformation derived from detailed geological mapping. Our findings suggest that surface deformation in the Bolvadin Fault is accommodated by aseismic episodes. During the field studies in the Bolvadin area, progressive surface deformations, such as surface faults and earth fissures with a length of 800 meters to 3 kilometres and strike of N15 degrees E to N70 degrees E were mapped on a 1/5000 scale. Furthermore. a levelling network was established to calculate the vertical displacements and deformation rate along the surface deformations. Precision level measurements were undertaken in 2016 and 2017. On the routes to the NW of the Bolvadin settlement, a vertical deformation rate of 30 mm/yr was detected in the period of 2016-2017, and a large deformation rate of 40 mm/yr was detected in the same period.Öğe Characterization of the co-seismic pattern and slip distribution of the February 06, 2023, Kahramanmaraş (Turkey) earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) with a dense GNSS network(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Özkan, Ali; Solak, Halil İbrahim; Tiryakioğlu, İbrahim; Şentürk, Murat Doruk; Aktuğ, Bahadır; Gezgin, Cemil; Poyraz, FatihTwo consecutive earthquakes with the magnitudes of Mw 7.7 and 7.6 (February 06, 2023) occurred on the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) segments and unfortunately resulted in significant devastation to human life and cities in Turkey and Syria. In this study, we aimed to analyse the co-seismic displacements and fault slip distributions of these seismic events. Our unique high-spatial-resolution Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) network (comprising 73 permanent GNSS stations and 40 campaign observation sites), providing the recent geodetic dataset for the region, allows better constraint of the co-seismic surface displacements and slip distributions of both earthquakes. The three largest total displacements were identified as 466 cm, 362 cm, and 360 cm. The Fault interactions along the EAFZ were obvious during the consecutive earthquakes. The ruptures mainly occurred in the left-lateral components of the fault segments, with the maximum slips of 7.25 m and 9.43 m for the first event along the EAFZ and the second event on the Çardak Fault, respectively. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Comparison of the monitoring of surface deformations in open-pit mines with Sentinel-1A and TerraSAR-X satellite radar data(Springer, 2024) Guel, Yavuz; Poyraz, Bekir; Poyraz, FatihIn case necessary precautions are not taken in surface mines, serious accidents and loss of life may occur, particularly due to large mass displacements. It is extremely important to identify the early warning signs of these displacements and take the necessary precautions. In this study, free medium-resolution satellite radar images from the European Space Agency's (ESA) C-band Sentinel-1A satellite and commercial high-resolution satellite radar images (SAR, Synthetic Aperture Radar) from the Deutsches Zentrum f & uuml;r Luft- und Raumfahrt's (DLR) X-band TerraSAR-X satellite were obtained, and it was attempted to reveal the traceability and adequacy of monitoring of deformations and possible mass displacements in the dump site of an open-pit coal mine. The compatibility of the results obtained from the satellite radar data with two devices of Global Positioning System (GPS) which were installed in the field was evaluated. Furthermore, the velocity results in the Line Of Sight (LOS) direction and vertical deformation velocity results obtained with all three approaches (GPS/Sentinel-1A, GPS/TerraSAR-X, and Sentinel-1A/TerraSAR-X) were compared. It was observed that the results were statistically equal and the directions of movement were similar/compatible. The result of this study showed that deformations at mine sites can be monitored with sufficient accuracy for early warning with free Sentinel-1A satellite data, although the TerraSAR-X satellite offers a higher resolution.Öğe Comparison of the monitoring of surface deformations in open-pit mines with Sentinel-1A and TerraSAR-X satellite radar data(Springer, 02.06.2024) Gül, Yavuz; Poyraz, Bekir; Poyraz, FatihIn case necessary precautions are not taken in surface mines, serious accidents and loss of life may occur, particularly due to large mass displacements. It is extremely important to identify the early warning signs of these displacements and take the necessary precautions. In this study, free medium-resolution satellite radar images from the European Space Agency’s (ESA) C-band Sentinel-1A satellite and commercial high-resolution satellite radar images (SAR, Synthetic Aperture Radar) from the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt’s (DLR) X-band TerraSAR-X satellite were obtained, and it was attempted to reveal the traceability and adequacy of monitoring of deformations and possible mass displacements in the dump site of an open-pit coal mine. The compatibility of the results obtained from the satellite radar data with two devices of Global Positioning System (GPS) which were installed in the field was evaluated. Furthermore, the velocity results in the Line Of Sight (LOS) direction and vertical deformation velocity results obtained with all three approaches (GPS/Sentinel-1A, GPS/TerraSAR-X, and Sentinel-1A/TerraSAR-X) were compared. It was observed that the results were statistically equal and the directions of movement were similar/compatible. The result of this study showed that deformations at mine sites can be monitored with sufficient accuracy for early warning with free Sentinel-1A satellite data, although the TerraSAR-X satellite offers a higher resolution.Öğe Crustal deformation and kinematics of the Eastern Part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey) from GPS measurements(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2012) Tatar, Orhan; Poyraz, Fatih; Gursoy, Halil; Cakir, Ziyadin; Ergintav, Semih; Akpinar, Zafer; Kocbulut, Fikret; Sezen, Fikret; Turk, Tarik; Hastaoglu, Kemal O.; Polat, Ali; Mesci, B. Levent; Gursoy, Onder; Ayazli, I. Ercument; Cakmak, Rahsan; Belgen, Alpay; Yavasoglu, HakanThe North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) is a 1200 km long dextral strike-slip fault zone forming the boundary between the Eurasian and Anatolian plates. It extends from the Gulf of Saros (North Aegean) in the west to the town of Karliova in eastern Turkey. Although there have been numerous geodetic studies concerning the crustal deformation, velocity field and the slip rate of the NAFZ along its western and central segments, geodetic observations along the eastern section of the NAFZ are sparse. In order to investigate the GPS velocities and the slip rate along the eastern part of the NAFZ, a dense GPS network consisting of 36 benchmarks was installed between Tokat and Erzincan on both sides of the fault zone and measured from 2006 to 2008. Measurement results indicate that the slip rate of the NAFZ increases westwards within about 400 km from 16.3 +/- 2.3 mm/year to 24.0 +/- 2.9 mm/year, in consistence with the observation that the Anatolian block is being pulled by the Hellenic trench rather than being pushed by the Arabian plate as a result of continental collision between the Arabian and Eurasian plates in eastern Turkey since late Miocene. Modelling the GPS velocities shows that fault locking depth increases also in the same direction from 8.1 +/- 3.3 km to 12.8 +/- 3.9 km. Slip rate decreases as moving off the Hellenic trench. An average slip rate of 20.1 +/- 2.4 mm/year and a locking depth of 12.5 +/- 3.5 km are also estimated for the entire study area by using all of the GPS measurements obtained in this study. The GPS velocities are in good agreement with the kinematic models created by paleomagnetic studies in the region and complete the overall picture. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Current Tectonic Movements Monitoring in Aksehir-Sultandagi Fault Zone After the February 2002 (Mw: 6.2) Earthquake(SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2018) Tiryakioglu, Ibrahim; Baybura, Tamer; Ozkaymak, Caglar; Yilmaz, Mustafa; Ugur, Mehmet Ali; Yigit, Cemal Ozer; Dindar, Ahmet Anil; Poyraz, Fatih; Gulal, Engin; Sozbilir, Hasan; Uysal, Murat; Akpinar, Burak; Kallel, A; Ksibi, M; BenDhia, H; Khelifi, N…Öğe Determination of deformations by using the PSI technique at a common dump site of three different open-pit marble mines in Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Poyraz, Fatih; Gul, Yavuz; Duymaz, BurakhanSlopes are formed to carry out mining activities such as stripping, ore production, transportation, and waste management in open-pit mines. The instability of slopes is a potential source of risks for mine safety. An unexpected slope failure may damage people, buildings, and equipment in the immediate area. Moreover, it leads to the disruption of mining production and an increase in production cost. For this reason, the regular examination and systematic monitoring of slopes should be performed to determine the early warning signs of failure. Thus, it may be possible to reach acceptable risk levels and to plan and implement the necessary safety measures. In this study, deformations at a common dump site of three different open-pit marble mines located in Eliktekke region of Amasya province (Turkey) were investigated by the permanent scatterer interferometry (PSI) technique using satellite radar images. The results obtained from the PSI technique were compared with global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry results which had been conducted by Hastaoglu et al. (2019) in the same study area. Velocities in the satellite line of sight (LOS) direction approaching -70 mm/month were determined from the PSI results of this dump site. Although the obtained results provided the overall coherence at this site, different results were found from GNSS and UAV photogrammetry in the areas where step geometry (height, width, inclination) changed along with the ongoing dumps and frequently changing surface topography due to dumping. While deformations occurring in slow motion and in a long time could be revealed by the PSI technique, displacements that occurred instantly and in a short time could not be determined. This study showed the detectability of surface deformations in open-pit mines by the PSI technique and problems that might be encountered during the analysis stage.Öğe Determining the strain upon the eastern section of the North Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ)(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2015) Poyraz, FatihStrain analysis is frequently used by disciplines such as material, tensile strength, mechanics, and soil mechanics. Strain causes deformation based on normal, shear, and torsional strain types. Strain cannot be measured directly, but it can be calculate by measuring deformation. Many plates are present on Earth. These plates move with respect to each other. One of the research fields of geodynamics is determining the plate movement properties. These properties are amount of plate movement with respect to other plates, rotation of plates, and the strain at plate borders and within plates. These plate movements can be calculated with seismic or geological data and geodetic data. In this study, strain analysis was conducted upon the results obtained from 35 GPS locations on Kelkit valley, which is on the Northern Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ), between the years of 2006 and 2008. Additionally, meaningful strain accumulation was found in the zones that were investigated, and its correspondence with the tectonic structure of the region was confirmed. The maximum and minimum principle strain rate parameters and maximum principle strain rate direction, which provides the average strain rate and strain directions, are E1= 0.17 mu s/year, E2=-0.24 mu s/year, and beta = -14.33 degrees. Furthermore, the mean pure shear strain rate of the region and the engineering shear strain rate was calculated as gamma(1)= -0.21 mu rad/year, and gamma(2)= 0.19 mu rad/year, respectively. According to these results, there is a strain accumulation in this region.Öğe Gediz Grabeninin Doğu Kesimindeki TektonikHareketlerinin GPS ve PS-InSAR Yöntemleri KullanılarakBelirlenmesi(2016) Poyraz, Fatih; Gürsoy, Önder; Hastaoğlu, Kemal Özgür; Koçbulut, FikretBirçok uygarlığın üzerinde geliştiği Batı Anadolu, tarihsel dönemlerde de birçok yıkıcı depremlerin etkisinde kalmıştır. Çalışma bölgesini kapsayan alanda tarihsel dönemde oluşmuş 13 dolayında deprem bilinmektedir. Bu tarihsel depremlerin büyük bir çoğunluğu Gediz grabeni çevresinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Gediz Grabenindeki tarihsel deprem aktivitesi incelendiğinde, Grabenin batı ucundaki bölgede MO?. 17, 1592, 1850, 1862 yıllarında, Grabenin doğu ucunda, Büyük Menderes Grabeni ile kesişim noktasında Denizli bölgesinde ise 60, 494 yıllarında şiddeti VIII?den büyük depremlerin olduğu, belirtilen tarihlerden sonra ise Grabenin doğu ucunda 1969 Alaşehir Depremi?nin olduğu bilinmektedir. Tektonik açıdan önemli olan bu bölgede daha önce ayrıntılı jeodezik çalışma gerçekleştirilmemiştir. Bu açıdan hazırlanan bu proje çalışma bölgesi için önem arz etmektedir. Gediz Grabenin doğu kesimindeki Alaşehir-Sarıgöl bölgesinin tektonik hareketlerinin belirlenmesi için iki farklı jeodezik yöntem kullanılmıştır. Bunlar GNSS (Küresel Navigasyon Uydu Sistemi) ve InSAR (Yapay Açıklı Radar İnterferometrisi) teknikleridir. GNSS tekniğinin uygulanması için bölgede daha önce farklı amaçlar için pilye tesis edilmiş 10 adet nokta kullanılmıştır. Bu noktalarda elde edilen GNSS ölçüleri GAMIT/GLOBK ve GIPSY-OASIS yazılımları ile değerlendirilerek nokta hızları elde edilmiştir. GNSS noktalarında elde edilen hız değerleri yatay da yaklaşık bileşke değeri 12 mm/yıl ile 27 mm/yıl arasında değişmektedir. Düşey yöndeki hareketler incelendiğinde ise grabenin içeresinde kalan noktalarda en yüksek değerler elde edildiği görülmektedir. TRAZ noktasında yıllık değişim yaklaşık -90 mm/yıl olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu noktayı BGCL -33 mm/yıl ve AKCL -13 mm/yıl olarak takip etmektedir. PS-InSAR sonuçlarından elde edilen değerlendirmelere göre Gediz Grabeninde grabenin bulunduğu kısımda çökmelerin, grabenin kuzeyinde ve güneyinde ise yükselmelerin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Grabende elde edilen çökme değerleri yaklaşık -50 mm/yıl olarak elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, çalışma bölgesinde anlamlı gerilim birikimleri bulunmuş ve bölgenin tektonik yapısıyla uyuşumu ortaya konmuştur. Bölgeye ilişkin ortalama çekme ve sıkışma yönlerini veren maksimum ve minimum asal gerilme parametreleri ile maksimum asal gerilme yönü ; E1= 0.604 ?s/yr , E2=-0.375 ?s/yr ?=11.27 derece olarak elde edilmiştir.Öğe İHA fotogrametrisi konum doğruluğuna kamera odak uzaklığı etkisinin incelenmesi(Mersin Üniversitesi, 2021) Hastaoğlu, Ahmet; Hastaoğlu, Kemal Özgür; Poyraz, Fatih; Gül, YavuzSon yıllarda İHA fotogrametri yöntemi Harita Mühendisliği alanında oldukça yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. İHA fotogametri ürünlerine ait konum doğruluklarını etkileyen birçok parametre bulunmaktadır. Bunların başında ise Yer Örnekleme Aralığı (YÖA) gelmektedir. YÖA artıkça konum doğruluğu da düşmektedir. YÖA ise uçuş yüksekliği ve odak uzaklığına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada odak uzaklığı değeri değiştirilmesiyle oluşan YÖA artışının konum doğruluğuna etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla aynı çalışma sahasında uçuş yüksekliği sabit tutularak odak uzaklığı değiştirilmiş ve aynı hava koşullarında uçuşlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yaklaşık 15 ha’ lık bir alanda 9 adet Yer Kontrol Noktası (YKN)ve 7 adet de Denetleme Noktası (DN) tesis edilmiştir. Dört farklı uçuşta odak uzaklığı sırası ile 16 mm, 20mm, 24 mm ve 35 mm olarak ayarlanmıştır. Fotogrametrik değerlendirmeler sonucunda her bir odak uzaklığı için Kontrol Noktalarına ait Karesel Ortalama Hata (KOH) değerleri elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda 35 mm yerine 16 mm, 20 mm ve 24 mm odak uzaklığı kullanıldığında sırasıyla YÖA %106, %66 ve %43 artmasına rağmen konum doğruluğunda 20 mm ve 24 mm için ±%10’lik değişim gözlenirken 16 mm için %122’ lik bir değişim gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak Odak uzaklığı 20mm’ den daha küçük olduğunda konum doğruluğunda dramatik bir düşüş gözlenmiştir.Öğe Jeodezik Yöntemlerle Deprem Tekrarlama Periyotlarının Belirlenmesi: Alaşehir Bölgesi Örneği(2019) Tiryakioğlu, İbrahim; Umutlu, Ali İhsan; Poyraz, FatihGediz Grabeni Manisa’dan Pamukkale’ye kadar uzanan yaklaşık 200 km uzunluğunda bir tektonikyapıdır. Manisa ili Sarıgöl ve Alaşehir ilçe merkezleri ve çevresi deprem riski olan bölgelerden birisidir.Graben içinde oluşan son büyük depremlerden bir tanesi 28 Mart 1969 tarihinde M=6.9 büyüklüğündekiAlaşehir depremidir. Çalışma bölgesindeki tektonik hareketlerin incelenmesi için 2017 ve 2018 yıllarındaGNSS ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu gözlemlere ek olarak daha önce bu bölgede ve aynı noktalarda(2013-2015 yılları arasında) gerçekleştirilen GNSS gözlemleri de değerlendirme aşamasındakullanılmıştır. GNSS ölçülerinin değerlendirilmesi aşamasında GAMIT/GLOBK yazılımı kullanılmıştır.GNSS sonuçlarından elde edilen yatay hız bileşenleri 18 mm/yıl ile 29 mm/yıl arasında, düşey hızlar ise-15 mm/yıl ile -108 mm/yıl arasında hesaplanmıştır. GNSS verilerinin değerlendirilmesi sonucu grabeniniç kesiminde çökmeler, graben dışında ise yükselme değerleri elde edilmiştir. GNSS sonuçları bölgetektoniğinin karakteristiğini ortaya koymuştur. Yapılan gerinim analizinde bölgede G-K rejiminin baskınolduğu görülmüştür. Gerinim analiz sonuçlarından elde edilen Jeodezik Deprem Tekrarlama Haritalarıincelendiğinde bölge için 6 veya 7 büyüklüğü civarında depremlerin tekrarlama periyodu 400-500 yılarasında hesaplanmıştır.Öğe Monitoring 3D areal displacements by a new methodology and software using UAV photogrammetry(Elsevier, 2019) Hastaoglu, Kemal Ozgur; Gul, Yavuz; Poyraz, Fatih; Kara, Burak CanNowadays, a lot of different geodetic methods based on terrestrial and remote sensing (Global Navigation Satellite System-GNSS, Total Station, Lidar, ground-based radar, Synthetic-aperture radar-SAR, etc.) are used in three-dimensional (3D) monitoring of mass movements. In recent years, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry has been used in monitoring large mass movements, especially landslides. In this study, the traceability of 3D areal displacements in a dump site, which is jointly used by three different open marble pits, with a new methodology based on a UAV which has advantages compared to other methods was investigated, and the results of the application were revealed by developing software specific to the methodology. In this context, a deformation network consisting of 46 specially designed plates was established as to include the area and dump benches by paying attention not to being in the locations where new dumps were made since surface topography and morphology changed continuously due to new dumps, and 3-periodic UAV flights were performed. As a result of these flights, periodic orthomosaics and digital elevation models (DEM) were produced. The special plates placed in the field were automatically detected with the software developed and 3-D coordinates of each plate were obtained. From these coordinates obtained, the velocity values of the points were' calculated using the Kalman filtering technique. The velocity values obtained by the GNSS method at the same points were used to verify the results of UAV photogrammetry and to reveal its performance. Whether the velocity values obtained by the GNSS and UAV methods could be considered as equal was determined by statistical analyses (t-test, f-test, RMSE, and VAF). As a result of these analyses, it was found out that significant velocity values greater than 1.5 x GSD (Ground Sample Distance) obtained from GNSS could be determined successfully with UAV. Furthermore, interpolation maps were generated from GNSS and UAV velocity values to compare areal displacements, and it was observed that north (n), east (e), height (up) components of maps were compatible with the correlation values of 0.92, 0.75, 0.87, respectively.Öğe Monitoring of tectonic movements of the Gediz Graben by the PSInSAR method and validation with GNSS results(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Poyraz, Fatih; Hastaoglu, Kemal OzgurIn the eastern part of the Gediz Graben, especially in the Sarigol region, surface deformations that occurred without destructive earthquakes or that continue to occur are frequently observed from the 1969 Alasehir earthquake to the present. Especially in areas where aseismic and tectonic effects are thought to co-exist, such as the Gediz Graben, the general deformation character of the study area cannot be identified precisely from the surface deformations that are determined using the GNSS method as pointwise. However, the general deformation character of the study area can be identified clearly by determining the surface deformations of the study area with the PSInSAR method areally. In this study, in order to determine surface deformations that may be caused by aseismic and/or tectonic effects in the Gediz Graben areally, deformations in the direction of Line of Sight (LOS) were determined by using the persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PSInSAR) method. In order to determine movements in the LOS direction, TERRASAR-X Stripmap satellite radar images of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) were used. According to the evaluations obtained from the PSInSAR results, it is understood that while there are subsidences in the graben area of the Gediz Graben, there are uplifts in the north and south of the graben. The subsidence values in the graben were obtained to be approximately - 50 mm/year. This result indicates that in addition to creep movement of tectonic origin in the study area, the local soil characteristics and/or seasonal groundwater changes may also increase deformation in areas where deformation occurs.Öğe UNCERTAINTY IN THE DETERMINATION OF FAULT LOCKING DEPTH AND STRIKE SLIP RATES BY GNSS MEASUREMENTS(UNIV OSIJEK, TECH FAC, 2016) Poyraz, FatihA GNSS network of 36 points was established in 2006 in the eastern part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, which is located between Tokat and Erzincan. GNSS measurements were made in 2006-2008 in the Kelkit valley and these points' velocities were calculated. This study compares GNSS velocities estimated with different datum definitions and the effects on fault locking depth and strike-slip rates, which are parameters of elastic rebound theory. These two parameters contain preliminary information on possible earthquakes in the region. An average slip rate of 21 mm/year and a locking depth of 12,72 km are estimated.Öğe Using the GNSS method assisted with UAV photogrammetry to monitor and determine deformations of a dump site of three open-pit marble mines in Eliktekke region, Amasya province, Turkey(Springer, 2020) Gul, Yavuz; Hastaolu, Kemal Ozgur; Poyraz, FatihThe determination and monitoring of deformations that may occur in the benches of dump sites of open-pit mines are important for both security and continuity of mine production. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the most preferred method for deformation monitoring at dump sites. While the amount of deformation (3D displacements) can be determined at the points monitored by the GNSS method, interpretations on the cause and/or areal size of the deformation may remain limited. The main factors or triggering causes of slope failures at dump sites are base topography, geometric dimensions (width, height, and slope) of the formed benches, stiffness ratio of the dumped material, and load increases caused by new dumps in the lower benches. In this study, UAV photogrammetry and GNSS were used together, and the deformations at the adjacent dump site of three different open-pit marble mines located in Eliktekke region of Amasya province in Turkey were monitored. The GNSS method determined the points where displacements occurred, and the UAV photogrammetry searched for the causes of mobility at the point and its areal and volumetric sizes. The UAV photogrammetric results revealed that the topographic slope and overall slope inclination triggered the movement of the zones. Field measurements and evaluations made for this dump site showed that the current geometry should be kept where the overall slope inclination reaches 14 degrees and not to be increased further. The results support that the GNSS method assisted with UAV photogrammetry is a rapid and economical method to determine both the borders and volumetric sizes deformations as their causing parameters. Through the proposed methodology, it will be possible to effectively determine the main factors causing slope failures in similar areas and to take the necessary measures on time.
