Therapeutic Potential of Propolis and Royal Jelly in Encephalitozoon Intestinalis Infection: An in Vitro Study

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dc.contributor.authorGulpinar, Derya Gul
dc.contributor.authorPolat, Zubeyda Akin
dc.contributor.authorCetinkaya, Ulfet
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-04T16:47:24Z
dc.date.available2025-05-04T16:47:24Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentSivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractPurposeEncephalitozoon intestinalis is an obligate intracellular microsporidian fungus that causes severe gastrointestinal infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Propolis (PROP), a resinous substance derived from bees, has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, while royal jelly (RJ) has immunomodulatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of PROP and RJ against E. intestinalis.MethodsThe phenolic composition of PROP was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, and the chemical components of RJ were evaluated according to ISO12824 standards. The cytotoxicity of PROP and RJ on HEK-293 cells was evaluated using the XTT assay. The three highest non-cytotoxic concentrations of each sample were tested for their effects on E. intestinalis spores by qRT-PCR. Trichrome-stained photomicrographs were used to assess spore density in HEK-293 cells treated with PROP and RJ.ResultsPROP analysis revealed flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, pinocembrin and galangin, as well as phenolic acids such as caffeic and cinnamic acids, known for their bioactive properties. RJ contained mainly proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and sugars, reflecting its role as a nutritionally and biologically active substance. According to the results of this first study evaluating the effect of PROP and RJ on E. intestinalis, all concentrations evaluated in the study showed a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of E. intestinalis spores compared to the control group.ConclusionIn conclusion, we believe that PROP and RJ should be considered as an alternative option in the development of antimicrosporidial drugs due to their potential medicinal and pharmaceutical properties.
dc.description.sponsorshipSivas Cumhuriyet University [T-2021-925]; Scientific Research Project Fund of Sivas Cumhuriyet University
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work is supported by the Scientific Research Project Fund of Sivas Cumhuriyet University under the project number T-2021-925.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s11686-024-00956-2
dc.identifier.issn1230-2821
dc.identifier.issn1896-1851
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.pmid39853615
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85216825770
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ3
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00956-2
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12418/35597
dc.identifier.volume70
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001406293600018
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer Int Publ Ag
dc.relation.ispartofActa Parasitologica
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250504
dc.subjectEncephalitozoon intestinalis
dc.subjectPropolis
dc.subjectRoyal jelly
dc.subjectIn vitro
dc.titleTherapeutic Potential of Propolis and Royal Jelly in Encephalitozoon Intestinalis Infection: An in Vitro Study
dc.typeArticle

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