Magnetic deep eutectic solvents for vortex-assisted liquid phase microextraction method for selective and green extraction of patulin from fruits and fruit juices

In this study, a vortex assisted magnetic deep eutectic solvent based liquid phase microextraction (VA-MDESLPME) technique was developed for the extraction of patulin prior to its determination by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). For this purpose, the use of a magnetic deep eutectic solvent (MDES) consisting of trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride, MnCl2, and octanoic acid (molar ratio 1:2:2) was tested to perform an efficient extraction. Important experimental parameters (MDES-3 vol, pH, vortex time, and ethanol volume) were optimized using Box-Behnken Design. Under optimum conditions (MDES-3 vol 560 mu L, pH 3.5, vortex time 300 s, and ethanol volume 300 mu L), the limits of detection for the model solution and matrix-matched solution were 0.06 ng mL- 1 and 0.37 ng mL- 1, and the calibration ranges were 0.2-400 ng mL- 1 and 1.2-300 ng mL- 1, respectively. Furthermore, the extraction recovery was calculated to be 96.3-97.4 % with a low relative standard deviation (2.1-2.5 %). The VA-MDES-LPME technique was successfully applied for the determination of patulin from fruit and juice samples with an enrichment factor between169 and 185.